The purpose of the
Guide to Safe Scouting is to prepare adult leaders to conduct Scouting
activities in a safe and prudent manner. The policies and guidelines have
been established because of the real need to protect members from known
hazards that have been identified through eighty-plus years of experience.
Limitations on certain activities should not be viewed as stumbling blocks;
rather, policies and guidelines are best described as stepping-stones toward
safe and enjoyable adventures.
Unit leaders should
be aware of state or local government regulations that supersede Boy Scouts
of America policies and guidelines.
Scouting Safety Begins
with Leadership
A health and safety
course syllabus and video introduce the concept of the "sandwich principle,"
with emphasis on the importance of qualified supervision and discipline,
and features The Risk Zone and Guide to Safe Scouting. Each district
across the country received a copy of this new training package. Call your
council service center to find out when this course is being delivered
in your district.
BSA Rules and Policies
Bold type throughout
the Guide to Safe Scouting denotes BSA rules and policies.
Viewing the online Guide
The Guide to Safe
Scouting is available here in two formats:
-
One for reading on-line
- this version is divided into chapters and includes a search engine.
-
Another for reading
off-line - the entire publication is presented in a single interface to
facilitate print-out.
A bound hard-copy version
(BSA Supply #34416B) is also be available. To obtain a copy, contact your
local council or call 1-800-323-0732 to request an Official Boy Scout Catalog.
Preface
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Youth Protection &
Adult Leadership
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Youth Protection in
Scouting
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Youth Member Behavior
Guidelines
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Leadership Requirements
for Trips and Outings
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Aquatics Safety
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Who Can Instruct Safe
Swim Defense and Safety Afloat Training?
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Safe Swim Defense
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Classification of Swimming
Ability
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Pool and Surf Swimming
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Safety Afloat
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Personal Flotation Devices
(PFDs)
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Water Clarity
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BSA Lifeguard
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Swimming
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Diving and Elevated
Entry
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Scuba (Venturers and
older Scouts only)
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Policy on Asthma/Reactive
Airwave Disease
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Snorkeling, BSA
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Waterskiing
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Boardsailing
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Whitewater Safety Code
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Camping
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Age Guidelines
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Family Camping
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Wilderness Camping
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Trail Safety
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Trek Safely
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Beware of Lightning
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Pure Drinking Water
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BSA Property Smart
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Hantavirus
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Rabies Prevention
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Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco
Use and Abuse
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Emergency Preparedness
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Reporting Deaths or
Serious Injury
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Emergency Phone Number
List
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First Aid
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First-Aid Kits
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
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Protection Considerations
for Bloodborne Pathogens
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Near-Drowning
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Fuels and Fire Prevention
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Chemical Fuels
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Guidelines for Safely
Using Chemical Stoves and Lanterns
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Flammability Warning
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Extinguishers
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Fireworks
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Guns and Firearms
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Cub Scout Standards
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Boy Scout Standards
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Handguns (Venturers
only)
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Shotguns
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Muzzle Loaders
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Rifles
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Sports and Activities
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The Sweet 16 of BSA
Safety
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Cave Exploring
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Judo, Tai Chi, and Aikido
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Climbing and Rappelling
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Unauthorized and Restricted Activities
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Carbon Tetrachloride
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Knives
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Rope Monkey Bridges
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Parade Floats and Hayrides
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Unit Fund-raisers
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Tractor Safety
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Bike Safety
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Skating Guidelines
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Inspections
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Meeting Room
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Motor Vehicles
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Unit Camping
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Boats
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Medical Information
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Immunizations
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Life-Threatening Communicable Diseases
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Sun Safety
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Religious Beliefs and Medical Care
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Prescriptions
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Transportation
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Automobiles
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Campers, Trailers, and Trucks
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Buses
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Trains
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Boats
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Aircraft
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Tour Permits
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Commercial Driver's License Compliance
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Winter Activities
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Winter Camping Safety
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Winter Sports Safety
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Appendix - Forms
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Appendix - Updates
Youth
Protection in Scouting
How does the BSA prevent
child abuse in Scouting?
The Boy Scouts of America
has adopted a number of policies aimed at eliminating opportunities for
abuse within the Scouting program. These policies focus on leadership selection
and on placing barriers to abuse within the program.
Leadership
The Boy Scouts of America
takes great pride in the quality of our adult leadership. Being a leader
in the BSA is a privilege, not a right. The quality of the program and
the safety of our youth members call for high-quality adult leaders. We
work closely with our chartered organizations to help recruit the best
possible leaders for their units.
The adult application
requests background information that should be checked by the unit committee
or the chartered organization before accepting an applicant for unit leadership.
While no current screening techniques exist that can identify every potential
child molester, we can reduce the risk of accepting a child molester by
learning all we can about an applicant for a leadership position--his or
her experience with children, why he or she wants to be a Scout leader,
and what discipline techniques he or she would use.
Barriers to Abuse Within
Scouting
The BSA has adopted
the following policies to provide additional security for our members.
These policies are primarily for the protection of our youth members; however,
they also serve to protect our adult leaders from false accusations of
abuse.
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Two-deep leadership.
Two registered adult leaders or one registered leader and a parent of a
participant, one of whom must be 21 years of age or older, are required
on all trips and outings. The chartered organization is responsible for
ensuring that sufficient leadership is provided for all activities.
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No one-on-one contact.
One-on-one contact between adults and youth members is not permitted. In
situations that require personal conferences, such as a Scoutmaster's conference,
the meeting is to be conducted in view of other adults and youths.
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Respect of privacy.
Adult leaders must respect the privacy of youth members in situations such
as changing clothes and taking showers at camp, and intrude only to the
extent that health and safety require. Adults must protect their own privacy
in similar situations.
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Separate accommodations.
When camping, no youth is permitted to sleep in the tent of an adult other
than his own parent or guardian. Councils are strongly encouraged to have
separate shower and latrine facilities for females. When separate facilities
are not available, separate times for male and female use should be scheduled
and posted for showers.
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Proper preparation
for high-adventure activities. Activities with elements of risk should
never be undertaken without proper preparation, equipment, clothing, supervision,
and safety measures.
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No secret organizations.
The Boy Scouts of America does not recognize any secret organizations as
part of its program. All aspects of the Scouting program are open to observation
by parents and leaders.
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Appropriate attire.
Proper clothing for activities is required. For example, skinny-dipping
is not appropriate as part of Scouting.
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Constructive discipline.
Discipline used in Scouting should be constructive and reflect Scouting's
values. Corporal punishment is never permitted.
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Hazing prohibited.
Physical hazing and initiations are prohibited and may not be included
as part of any Scouting activity.
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Junior leader training
and supervision. Adult leaders must monitor and guide the leadership techniques
used by junior leaders and ensure that BSA policies are followed.
How can parents help
protect their children?
Parents participate
in the protection of their children in a variety of ways. We have already
mentioned the need for open lines of communication so that children are
encouraged to bring any troubles to their parents for advice and counsel.
In addition, parents need to be involved in their sons' Scouting activities.
All parents receive important information concerning the Scouting program
as part of their sons' membership applications. This information is provided
so that parents can detect any deviations from the BSA's approved program.
If any deviations are noted, parents should call these to the attention
of the chartered organization or the unit committee. If the problems persist,
parents should contact the local council for assistance.
Parents also need
to review the booklet, How to Protect Your Children from Child Abuse: A
Parent's Guide, inserted in every Boy Scout and Cub Scout handbook. The
information in this booklet should be the subject of discussions between
Scouts and their parents prior to joining a troop or receiving the Bobcat
badge.
Why do most child victims
of sexual abuse keep the abuse secret?
A victim of child sexual
abuse is under a great deal of pressure to keep the abuse secret. In many
cases of child molestation, the molester has threatened to harm the child
or a member of the child's family. The molester might have told the child
that he would not be believed even if the child did tell. Another common
situation is that the molester will tell the child that if the child tells
about the abuse, he will get into trouble. The clear message is given to
the child that if another person finds out, something bad will happen to
the child. This pressure to maintain silence can often be successfully
overcome by establishing open communication between children and adults
through a proper educational program for children.
What should I do if
a child tells me that he has been sexually abused?
How an adult responds
to a child when he tries to disclose abuse can influence the outcome of
the child's victimization. By maintaining an apparent calm, the adult can
help reassure the child that everything is going to be okay. By not criticizing
the child, we counteract any statements the molester made to the victim
about the child getting into trouble. Reassure the child that you are concerned
about what happened to him and that you would like to get him some help.
Allegations by a Scout concerning abuse in the program must be reported
to the Scout executive. Since these reports are required, the child
should be told that you have to tell the proper authorities but that you
will not tell anyone else. It is important that you not tell anyone other
than the Scout executive or the child protective services agency about
allegations of abuse—if the allegations cannot be substantiated, you could
be sued for defamation of character.
How do I know what my
reporting responsibilities are?
Every state, the District
of Columbia, and the U.S. territories have different reporting requirements.
As part of youth protection training, you will receive reporting instructions
for your area and for your council. People are often concerned about being
sued for reporting child abuse. You are not required to know for certain
that a child has been abused. All that the law requires is that you have
a reasonable suspicion and are reporting in "good faith." When these requirements
are met, all states provide immunity from liability for child abuse reporters.
What educational materials
does the BSA have for youth members?
In addition to the Parent's
Guide, the BSA produced separate age-appropriate videos for Cub Scout-age
and Boy Scout-age boys to address the problems of sexual abuse. The video
for Cub Scouts, It Happened to Me, should be used annually by packs
or dens, but only for Cub Scouts accompanied by a parent or other adult
family member. The video for Boy Scouts, A Time to Tell, introduces
the "three Rs" of Youth Protection, and should be viewed by troops annually.
How can Scout leaders
who are not social workers teach children about youth protection?
The BSA recognizes that
many of our leaders feel unprepared to talk to children about preventing
sexual abuse. For this reason, the BSA has meeting guides (separate guides
for Boy Scout meetings) for both of the videos produced to be viewed by
youths. The guides address everything from scheduling the meeting, contacting
the police or social services for assistance, and notifying parents (a
sample letter is provided), to questions and answers for discussion after
the video has been viewed.
What are the "three
Rs" of Youth Protection?
The "three Rs" of Youth
Protection convey a simple message that the BSA wants its youth members
to learn:
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Recognize situations
that place him at risk of being molested, how child molesters operate,
and that anyone could be a molester.
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Resist unwanted
and inappropriate attention. Resistance will stop most attempts at molestation.
-
Report attempted
or actual molestation to a parent or other trusted adult. This prevents
further abuse of himself and helps to protect other children. Let the Scout
know he will not be blamed for what occurred.
Youth
Member Behavior Guidelines
The Boy Scouts of America
is a values based youth development organization that helps young people
learn positive attributes of character, citizenship, and personal fitness.
The BSA has the expectation that all participants in the Scouting program
will relate to each other in accord with the principles embodied in the
Scout Oath and Law.
One of the developmental
tasks of childhood is to learn appropriate behavior. Children are not born
with an innate sense of propriety and they need guidance and direction.
The example set by positive adult role models is a powerful tool for shaping
behavior and a tool that is stressed in Scouting.
Misbehavior by a
single youth member in a Scouting unit may constitute a threat to the safety
of the individual who misbehaves as well as to the safety of other unit
members. Such misbehavior constitutes an unreasonable burden on a Scout
unit and cannot be ignored.
Member Responsibilities
All members of the
Boy Scouts of America are expected to conduct themselves in accordance
with the principles set forth in the Scout Oath and Law. Physical violence,
hazing, bullying, theft, verbal insults, and drugs and alcohol have no
place in the Scouting program and may result in the revocation of a Scout's
membership in the unit.
If confronted by
threats of violence or other forms of bullying from other youth members,
Scouts should seek help from their unit leaders or parents.
Unit Responsibilities
Adult leaders of
Scouting units are responsible for monitoring the behavior of youth members
and interceding when necessary. Parents of youth members who misbehave
should be informed and asked for assistance in dealing with it.
The BSA does not
permit the use of corporal punishment by unit leaders when disciplining
youth members.
The unit committee
should review repetitive or serious incidents of misbehavior in consultation
with the parents of the child to determine a course of corrective action
including possible revocation of the youth's membership in the unit.
If problem behavior
persists, units may revoke a Scout's membership in that unit. When a unit
revokes a Scout's membership, it should promptly notify the council of
the action.
The unit should
inform the Scout executive about all incidents that result in a physical
injury or involve allegations of sexual misconduct by a youth member with
another youth member.
Each Cub Scout
den and Webelos Scout den and each chartered Cub Scout pack, Boy Scout
troop, Varsity Scout team, and Venturing crew shall have one leader, 21
years of age or older, who shall be registered and serve as the unit or
den leader. A unit leader may not serve simultaneously in any other position
within the same unit. The head of the chartered organization or chartered
organization representative and the local council must approve the registration
of the unit or den leader on the appropriate form.
Primary reference:
Rules and Regulations of the Boy Scouts of America
Leadership
Requirements for Trips and Outings
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Two-deep leadership:
Two registered
adult leaders, or one registered adult and a parent of a participating
Scout, one of whom must be at least 21 years of age or older, are required
for all trips or outings. There are a few instances, such as patrol activities,
when no adult leadership is required. Coed overnight activities require
male and female adult leaders, both of whom must be 21 years of age or
older, and one of whom must be a registered member of the BSA.
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During transportation
to and from planned Scout outings,
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Meet for departure at
a designated area.
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Prearrange a schedule
for periodic checkpoint stops as a group.
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Plan a daily destination
point.
A common departure site
and a daily destination point are a must. If you cannot provide two adults
for each vehicle, the minimum required is one adult and two or more youth
members - never one on one.
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Safety rule of four:
No fewer than
four individuals (always with the minimum of two adults) go on any backcountry
expedition or campout. If an accident occurs, one person stays with
the injured, and two go for help. Additional adult leadership requirements
must reflect an awareness of such factors as size and skill level of the
group, anticipated environmental conditions, and overall degree of challenge.
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Male and female leaders
require separate sleeping facilities. Married couples may share the same
quarters if appropriate facilities are available.
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Single-room or dormitory-type
accommodations for Scouting units:
Adults and youth
of the same gender may occupy dormitory or single-room accommodations,
provided there is a minimum of two adults and four youth. Both adults are
required to be youth-protection trained. Adults must establish separation
barriers or privacy zones such as temporary blanket or sheet walls in order
to keep their sleeping area and dressing area separated from the youth.
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Male and female youth
participants will not share the same sleeping facility.
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When staying in tents,
no youth will stay in the tent of an adult other than his or her parent
or guardian.
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If separate shower and
latrine facilities are not available, separate times for male and female
use should be scheduled and posted for showers. The buddy system should
be used for latrines by having one person wait outside the entrance, or
provide Occupied and Unoccupied signs and/or inside door latches.
Adult leaders need
to respect the privacy of youth members in situations where the youth are
changing clothes or taking showers, and intrude only to the extent that
health and safety require. Adults also need to protect their own privacy
in similar situations.
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Two-deep adult leadership
is required for flying activities. For basic orientation flights, the
adult licensed pilot in control of the aircraft is sufficient for the flight
while two-deep leadership is maintained on the ground.
Who
Can Instruct Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat Training?
Safe Swim Defense and
Safety Afloat training can be given by any person authorized by the council,
including a BSA Aquatics resource person, a unit leader with aquatics skill,
or any other person with aquatics knowledge or experience whom the local
council has approved.
Safe
Swim Defense
Before a BSA group
may engage in swimming activities of any kind, a minimum of one adult leader
must complete Safe Swim Defense training, have a commitment card (No. 34243)
with them, and agree to use the eight defenses in this plan.
One of the best opportunities
for Safe Swim Defense training is in summer camp. The eight defenses are:
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1. Qualified Supervision
-
All swimming activity
must be supervised by a mature and conscientious adult age 21 or older
who understands and knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being
and safety of youth members in his or her care, who is experienced in the
water and confident of his or her ability to respond in the event of an
emergency, and who is trained in and committed to compliance with the eight
points of BSA Safe Swim Defense. (It is strongly recommended that all units
have at least one adult or older youth member currently trained as a BSA
Lifeguard to assist in the planning and conduct of all swimming activity.)
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2. Physical Fitness
-
Require evidence
of fitness for swimming activity with a complete health history from physician,
parent, or legal guardian.
The adult supervisor should adjust all supervision, discipline, and protection
to anticipate any potential risks associated with individual health conditions.
In the event of any significant health conditions, the unit leader should
require proof of an examination by a physician.
Those with physical
disabilities can enjoy and benefit from aquatics if the disabilities are
known and necessary precautions are taken.
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3. Safe Area
-
When swimming in areas
not regularly maintained and used for swimming activity, have lifeguards
and swimmers systematically examine the bottom of the swimming area to
determine varying depths, deep holes, rocks, and stumps. Mark off the
area for three groups: not more than 3 1/2 feet deep for nonswimmers; from
shallow water to just over the head for beginners; deep water not more
than 12 feet for swimmers. A participant should not be permitted to
swim in an area where he cannot readily recover and maintain his footing,
or cannot maintain his position on the water, because of swimming ability
or water flow. When setting up a safe swimming area in natural waters,
use poles stuck in the bottom, or plastic bottles, balloons, or sticks
attached to rock anchors with twine for boundary markers. Enclose nonswimmer
and beginner areas with buoy lines (twine and floats) between markers.
Mark the outer bounds of the swimmer area with floats. Be sure that clear-water
depth is at least 7 feet before allowing anyone to dive into the water.
Diving is prohibited from any height more than 40 inches above the water
surface; feet-first entry is prohibited from more than 60 inches above
the water. For any entry from more than 18 inches above the water surface,
clear-water depth must be 10 to 12 feet. Only surface swimming is permitted
in turbid water. Swimming is not permitted in water over 12 feet deep,
in turbid water where poor visibility and depth would interfere with emergency
recognition or prompt rescue, or in whitewater, unless all participants
wear appropriate personal flotation devices and the supervisor determines
that swimming with personal flotation equipment is safe under the circumstances.
-
4. Lifeguards on
Duty
-
Swim only where there
are lifeguards on duty. For unit swims in areas where lifeguards are not
provided by others, the supervisor should designate two capable swimmers
as lifeguards. Station them ashore, equipped with a lifeline (a 100-foot
length of 3/8-inch nylon cord). In an emergency, one carries out the line;
the other feeds it out from shore, then pulls in his partner and the person
being helped. In addition, if a boat is available, have two people, preferably
capable swimmers, take it out - one rowing and the other equipped with
a 10-foot pole or extra oar. Provide one guard for every 10 people in the
water, and adjust the number and positioning of guards as needed to protect
the particular area and activity.
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5. Lookout
-
Station a lookout on
the shore where it is possible to see and hear everything in all areas.
The lookout may be the adult in charge of the swim and may give the buddy
signals.
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6. Ability Groups
-
Divide into three ability
groups: Nonswimmers, beginners, and swimmers. Keep each group in its own
area. Nonswimmers have not passed a swimming test. Beginners must pass
this test: jump feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level off,
swim 25 feet on the surface. Stop, turn sharply, resume swimming as before
and return to the starting place. Swimmers pass this test: jump feet-first
into water over the head in depth. Level off and swim 75 yards in a strong
manner using one or more of the following strokes: sidestroke, breaststroke,
trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 yards using an easy resting backstroke.
The 100 yards must be completed in one swim without stops and must include
at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim, rest by floating. These
classification tests should be renewed annually, preferably at the beginning
of the season.
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7. Buddy System
-
Pair every youth
with another in the same ability group. Buddies check in and out of
the swimming area together. Emphasize that each buddy lifeguards his buddy.
Check everyone in the water about every 10 minutes, or as needed to keep
the buddies together. The adult in charge signals for a buddy check with
a single blast of a whistle or ring of a bell and a call of "Buddies!"
The adult counts slowly to 10 while buddies join and raise hands and remain
still and silent. Guards check all areas, count the pairs, and compare
the total with the number known to be in the water. Signal two blasts or
bells to resume swimming. Signal three blasts or bells for checkout.
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8. Discipline
-
Be sure everyone understands
and agrees that swimming is allowed only with proper supervision and
use of the complete Safe Swim Defense. The applicable rules should
be presented and learned prior to the outing, and should be reviewed for
all participants at the water's edge just before the swimming activity
begins. Scouts should respect and follow all directions and rules of the
adult supervisor. When people know the reason for rules and procedures
they are more likely to follow them. Be strict and fair, showing no favoritism.
Classification
of Swimming Ability
Swimmer Test
The swimmer test
demonstrates the minimum level of swimming ability required for safe deep-water
swimming. The various components of the test evaluate the several skills
essential to this minimum level of swimming ability:
Jump
feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level off, and begin swimming.
Swim 75 yards in a strong manner using one or more of the following strokes:
sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 yards using an
easy, resting backstroke. The 100 yards must be completed in one swim without
stops and must include at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim,
rest by floating.
The test administrator
must objectively evaluate the individual performance of the test, and in
so doing should keep in mind the purpose of each test element.
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"Jump feetfirst into
water over the head in depth, level off, and begin swimming. . . ."
The swimmer must
be able to make an abrupt entry into deep water and begin swimming without
any aids. Walking in from shallow water, easing in from the edge or down
a ladder, pushing off from side or bottom, or gaining forward momentum
by diving do not satisfy this requirement.
-
". . . Swim 75 yards
in a strong manner using one or more of the following strokes: sidestroke,
breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; . . ."
The swimmer must
be able to cover distance with a strong, confident stroke. The 75 yards
must not be the outer limit of the swimmer's ability; completion of the
distance should give evidence of sufficient stamina to avoid undue risks.
Dog-paddling and strokes repeatedly interrupted and restarted are not sufficient;
underwater swimming is not permitted. The itemized strokes are inclusive.
Any strong side or breaststroke or any strong overarm stroke (including
the back crawl) is acceptable.
-
". . . swim 25 yards
using an easy, resting backstroke . . ."
The swimmer must
indicate the ability to execute a restful, free-breathing backstroke that
can be used to avoid exhaustion during swimming activity. This element
of the test necessarily follows the more strenuous swimming activity to
show that the swimmer is, in fact, able to use the backstroke as a relief
from exertion. The change of stroke must be accomplished in deep water
without any push-off or other aid. Any variation of the elementary may
suffice if it clearly provides opportunity for the swimmer to rest and
regain wind.
-
". . . The 100 yards
must be swum continuously and include at least one sharp turn. . . ."
The total distance
is to be covered without rest stops. The sharp turn simply demonstrates
the swimmer's ability to reverse direction in deep water without assistance
or push-off from side or bottom.
-
". . . After completing
the swim, rest by floating."
This critically
important component of the test evaluates the swimmer's ability to maintain
in the water indefinitely even though exhausted or otherwise unable to
continue swimming. Treading water or swimming in place will further tire
the swimmer and are therefore unacceptable. The duration of the float test
is not significant, except that it must be long enough for the test administrator
to determine that the swimmer is, in fact, resting and could likely continue
to do so for a prolonged time. The drownproofing technique may be sufficient
if clearly restful, but it is not preferred. If the test is completed except
for the floating requirement, the swimmer may be retested on the floating
only (after instruction) provided that the test administrator is confident
that the swimmer can initiate the float when exhausted.
Reference: Swimming
and Lifesaving merit badge pamphlets
Beginner Test
Jump feetfirst
into water over the head in depth, level off, swim 25 feet on the surface,
stop, turn sharply, resume swimming as before, and return to starting place.
The entry and turn
serve the same purpose as in the swimmer test. The swimming can be done
with any stroke, but no underwater swimming is permitted. The stop assures
that the swimmer can regain a stroke if it is interrupted. The test demonstrates
that the beginning swimmer is ready to learn deepwater skills and has the
minimum ability required for safe swimming in a confined area in which
shallow water, sides, or other support is less than 25 feet from any point
in the water.
Pool
and Surf Swimming
The Safe Swim Defense
applies to swimming at the beach, private or public pool, wilderness pond,
stream, lake, or anywhere Scouts swim. Here are some additional points
for the pool and the surf.
Pool - If the swimming
activity is in a public facility where others are using the pool at the
same time, and the pool operator provides guard personnel, there may be
no need for additional designation of Scout lifeguards and lookout.
The buddy system
is critically important, however, even in a public pool. Remember, even
in a crowd, you are alone without protection if no one is attentive to
your circumstances.
The rule that people
swim only in water suited to their ability and with others of similar ability
applies in a pool environment. Most public pools divide shallow and deep
water, and this may be sufficient for defining appropriate swimming areas.
If not, the supervisor should clearly indicate to the participating Scouts
the appropriate areas of the public facility. Although such procedures
add a margin of safety, their use may not always be practical when the
swim activity is conducted at a public facility where non-Scouts are present.
A responsible adult supervisor, who understands his or her responsibility
and the elements of safety, can exercise discretion regarding certain procedures
while maintaining safety.
Surf - The surf swimming
environment of wave action, currents, tides, undertow, runouts, and sea
pests like stinging jellyfish requires precautions for safe swimming that
aren't necessary in other environments. A swimmer's physical condition
is very important and should enable the swimmer to recover footing in waves,
swim vigorously for at least five minutes without becoming exhausted, and
remain calm and in control when faced with unexpected conditions.
Designated swimming
areas are marked by flags or pennants that are easily seen. Beginners and
nonswimmers are positioned inshore from the standing lifeguards equipped
with reach poles. Better swimmers are permitted seaward of the lifeguard
but must remain shoreward of anchored marker buoys. The lifeguard-to-swimmer
ratio should always be 1-to-10, with a rescue team stationed at the beach
area and supplied with a rescue tube or torpedo buoy.
Safety
Afloat
Safety Afloat has been developed to promote boating and boating safety
and to set standards for safe unit activity afloat. Before a BSA group
may engage in an excursion, expedition, or trip on the water (canoe, raft,
sailboat, motorboat, rowboat, tube, or other craft), adult leaders for
such activity must complete Safety Afloat Training, No. 34159C, have a
commitment card, No. 34242A, with them, and be dedicated to full compliance
with all nine points of Safety Afloat.
-
1. Qualified Supervision
All activity
afloat must be supervised by a mature and conscientious adult age 21 or
older who understands and knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being
and safety of the children in his or her care, who is experienced and qualified
in the particular watercraft skills and equipment involved in the activity,
and who is committed to compliance with the nine points of BSA Safety Afloat.
One such supervisor is required for each 10 people, with a minimum of two
adults for any one group. At least one supervisor must be age 21 or older,
and the remaining supervisors must be age 18 or older. All supervisors
must complete BSA Safety Afloat and Safe Swim Defense training and rescue
training for the type of watercraft to be used in the activity, and at
least one must be trained in CPR. It is strongly recommended that all units
have at least one adult or older youth member currently trained as a BSA
Lifeguard to assist in the planning and conducting of all activity afloat.
For Cub Scouts:
The ratio of adult supervisors to participants is one to five.
-
2. Physical Fitness
-
All persons must
present evidence of fitness assured by a complete health history from physician,
parent, or legal guardian. The adult supervisor should adjust all supervision,
discipline, and protection to anticipate any potential risks associated
with individual health conditions. In the event of any significant health
conditions, the adult leader should require proof of an examination by
a physician.
Those with physical
disabilities can enjoy and benefit from aquatics if the disabilities are
known and necessary precautions taken.
-
3. Swimming Ability
-
A person who has
not been classified as a "swimmer" may ride as a passenger in a rowboat
or motorboat with an adult "swimmer" or in a canoe, raft, or sailboat with
an adult certified as a lifeguard or a lifesaver by a recognized agency.
In all other circumstances, the person must be a swimmer to participate
in an activity afloat. "Swimmers" must pass this test:
Jump
feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level off, and begin swimming.
Swim 75 yards in a strong manner using one or more of the following strokes:
sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 yards using an
easy, resting backstroke. The 100 yards must be swum continuously and include
at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim, rest by floating.
This qualification test
should be renewed annually.
-
4. Personal Flotation
Equipment
-
Properly fitted U.S.
Coast Guard-approved personal flotation devices (PFDs) must be worn by
all persons engaged in activity on the open water (rowing, canoeing, sailing,
boardsailing, motorboating, waterskiing, rafting, tubing, kayaking, and
surfboarding). Type II and III PFDs are recommended.
-
5. Buddy System
-
All activity afloat
must adhere to the principles of the buddy system. The buddy system
assures that for every person involved in aquatics activity, at least one
other person is always aware of his or her situation and prepared to lend
assistance immediately when needed. Not only does every individual have
a buddy, but every craft should have a ''buddy boat'' when on the water.
-
6. Skill Proficiency
-
All participants
in activity afloat must be trained and experienced in watercraft handling
skills, safety, and emergency procedures. (a) For unit activity on white
water, all participants must complete special training by a BSA Aquatics
Instructor or qualified whitewater specialist. (b) Powerboat operators
must be able to meet requirements for the Motorboating merit badge or equivalent.
(c) Except for whitewater and powerboat operation as noted above, either
a minimum of three hours' training and supervised practice or meeting requirements
for "basic handling tests" is required for all float trips or open-water
excursions using unpowered craft.
For Cub
Scouts: Canoeing and rafting for Cub Scouts (including Webelos Scouts)
is to be limited to council/district events on flat water ponds or controlled
lake areas free of powerboats and sailboats. Prior to recreational canoeing,
Cub Scouts are to be instructed in basic handling skills and safety practices.
-
7. Planning
-
Float Plan. Know
exactly where the unit will put in, where the unit will pull out, and precisely
what course will be followed. Determine all stopover points in advance.
Estimate travel time with ample margins to avoid traveling under time pressures.
Obtain accurate and current maps and information on the waterway to be
traveled, and discuss the course with others who have made the trip under
similar seasonal conditions. (Preferably, an adult member of the group
should run the course before the unit trip.)
-
Local Rules.
Determine which state and local laws or regulations are applicable. If
private property is to be used or crossed, obtain written permission from
the owners. All such rules must be strictly observed.
-
Notification.
The float plan must be filed with the parents of participants and a member
of the unit committee. For any activity using canoes on running water,
the float plan must be filed with the local council service center. Notify
appropriate authorities, such as Coast Guard, state police, or park personnel,
when their jurisdiction is involved. When the unit returns from this activity,
persons given the float plan should be so advised.
-
Weather. Check
the weather forecast just before setting out, know and understand the seasonal
weather pattern for the region, and keep an alert "weather eye." Imminent
rough weather should bring all ashore immediately.
-
Contingencies.
Planning must anticipate possible emergencies or other circumstances that
could force a change in the original plan. Identify and consider all such
circumstances in advance so that appropriate contingency plans can be developed.
For Cub Scouts:
Cub Scout canoeing and rafting does not include "trips" or "expeditions"
and is not to be conducted on running water (i.e., rivers or streams);
therefore, some procedures are inapplicable. Suitable weather requires
clear skies, no appreciable wind, and warm air and water.
-
8. Equipment
All equipment
must be suited to the craft, to the water conditions, and to the individual;
must be in good repair; and must satisfy all state and U.S. Coast Guard
requirements. To the extent possible, carry spare equipment. On long trips
or when spare equipment is not available, carry repair materials. Have
appropriate rescue equipment available for immediate use.
-
9. Discipline
-
All participants should
know, understand, and respect the rules and procedures for safe unit activity
afloat. The applicable rules should be presented and learned prior to the
outing, and should be reviewed for all participants at the water's edge
just before the activity begins. When Scouts know and understand the reasons
for the rules, they will observe them. When fairly and impartially applied,
rules do not interfere with the fun. Rules for safety, plus common sense
and good judgment, keep the fun from being interrupted by tragedy.
Note: For cruising
vessels (excluding rowboats, canoes, kayaks, and rafts, but including sailboats
and powerboats longer than 20 feet) used in adult-supervised unit activities
by a chartered Venturing crew or Sea Scout ship specializing in watercraft
operations or used in adult-supervised program activity in connection with
any high-adventure program or other activity under the direct control of
the National Council, the standards and procedures in a forthcoming Sea
Scout manual may be substituted for the "Safety Afloat" standards.
Personal
Flotation Devices (PFDs)
Properly fitted U.S.
Coast Guard-approved personal flotation devices (PFDs) must be worn by
all persons engaged in activity on the open water (rowing, canoeing, sailing,
boardsailing, motorboating, waterskiing, rafting, tubing, and kayaking).
Only U.S. Coast
Guard-approved equipment (types I, II, or III) is acceptable for use in
Scouting aquatics. Ski belts are not acceptable. Scouts and unit leaders
should learn which type is appropriate for each specific circumstance and
how to wear and check for proper fit.
Water
Clarity
Swimming activity
in turbid water should be limited to surface swimming. Turbid water exists
when a 12-inch white disk at the depth of 3 feet is not visible from above
the surface of the water. Underwater swimming, headfirst entry (except
for racing dives), and board diving are not permitted in turbid water.
Supervised instruction in lifesaving skills and surface diving may be conducted
in confined areas of turbid water not exceeding 8 feet in depth and free
of bottom hazards.
Snorkeling and
scuba skills are taught and practiced only in clear water. Clear water
exists when a 12-inch disk at a depth of 8 feet is visible from above the
surface of the water.
BSA
Lifeguard
BSA Lifeguard training
has been established to provide units (packs, troops, teams, and posts)
with qualified individuals within their own membership to give knowledgeable
supervision for activities on or in the water. The first standard in the
Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat guidelines establishes a need for qualified
supervision. An adult currently trained as a BSA Lifeguard or an adult
leader assisted by a Scout holding BSA Lifeguard training meets this requirement.
To enroll in the BSA Lifeguard course, you must be at least 14 years of
age or have completed the eighth grade. The latest requirements for BSA
Lifeguard training are included on the application form, No. 34435A. Every
unit leader is encouraged to become trained or to be certain that at least
one youth or adult member of the unit has such training.
Swimming
Swimming areas should
be large enough to avoid crowding (minimum of 40 square feet per swimmer).
Note the following in accordance with Safe Swim Defense rules. Mark
off the area for three groups: not more than 3.5 feet deep for nonswimmers;
from shallow water to just over the head for beginners; deep water not
more than 12 feet for swimmers.
Diving
and Elevated Entry
"Diving" refers to
any water entry where the feet are not making first contact with the water.
"Elevated entry" refers to any water entry from a height more than 18 inches
above the water. According to BSA Safe Swim Defense standards, no diving
or swimming activity of any kind is done in water with a depth greater
than 12 feet.
All water entry
must be feetfirst where the water has less than 7 feet of unobstructed
depth. A leaping entry is recommended where water is at or above head level;
a step-down or jump-down entry from a sitting position is recommended for
shallower water.
No diving is permitted
in water with less than 7 feet of unobstructed depth. Diving is permitted
in clear water over 7 feet deep from a dock, pier, or platform that is
no more than 18 inches above the water surface. For elevated entry from
18 inches high but less than 40 inches above the water surface, clear and
unobstructed water depth must be at least 9 feet. The water must be clear
enough to enable supervisory and guard personnel to see the diver at the
deepest part of the plunge.
Board diving is
permitted only from boards, mounted on a fixed (not floating) platform
or deck, no more than 40 inches (approximately 1 meter) above the water
surface. Clear water depth below the board should be 9 to 12 feet. A guard
or supervisor should be positioned where the diver can be seen at all times
beneath the surface. There should be no other surface or underwater activity
or obstruction for at least 15 feet on either side of the board and 25
feet in front of the board. Diving should always be done straight ahead
from the board, never to the sides.
Any elevated entry
from a height greater than 40 inches must be feetfirst and only from a
fixed platform or solid footing no more than 60 inches above the water
surface. Clear water depth should be 10 to 12 feet. Other protective measures
and distances are the same as for board diving.
Scuba
(Venturers and older Scouts only)
Any person possessing,
displaying, or using scuba equipment in connection with any Scouting-related
activity must be currently certified by the National Association of Underwater
Instructors (NAUI) or the Professional Association of Diving Instructors
(PADI). These two agencies are recognized by the Boy Scouts of America
for scuba training and instruction. Alternatively, if PADI or NAUI training
and instruction is not available, certification may be accepted from other
agencies that comply with Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC) guidelines,
provided that such acceptance has been expressly approved by the BSA local
council in consultation with the BSA national Health and Safety Service.
Scuba programs
may be a part of Boy Scout or Venturing activities for participants who
are 14 years of age or older. Persons meeting the age requirement and properly
certified may participate in group dives under the supervision of a responsible
adult who is currently certified as a dive master, assistant instructor,
or any higher rating from NAUI or PADI. Student divers must be under the
supervision of a currently certified NAUI or PADI instructor. No exceptions
to the BSA age requirement are permitted, and any NAUI or PADI age requirements
for those 14 and older shall be followed in all Scout-related activities.
A 14-year-old participant with a junior diver certification may dive only
when accompanied by a buddy who is a certified open-water diver at least
18 years old.
Because of lack
of frequency of diving by most sports divers, it is important that any
certified divers be screened and evaluated by a certified diving instructor
before participating in BSA-related activities. The skills to be evaluated
include the following:
-
Use of buoyancy control
device
-
Giant stride entry
-
Removal and replacement
of weight belt
-
Neutral buoyancy
-
Snorkel to regulator
exchange
-
Removal and replacement
of scuba unit under the water
-
Face mask removal,
replacement, and clearing
-
Emergency swimming
ascent
-
Alternate air source
ascent
-
Predive safety drill
-
Five-point ascent
and descent
-
Deepwater exits
-
Simulation of surface
procedures
BSA
Policy on Asthma/Reactive Airway Disease as Related to Scuba Activities
-
Persons with symptomatic
or active asthma/reactive airway disease (commonly known as RAD) should
not be allowed to scuba dive. This would include, at a minimum, anyone
who:
-
Is currently taking
medication for asthma/RAD
-
Has received treatment
for bronchospasm in the past five years
-
Has exercise induced
bronchospasm
-
Has cold-induced
bronchospasm
-
Persons with asymptomatic
asthma/RAD who wish to scuba dive should be referred to a pulmonary medical
specialist who is also knowledgeable about diving medicine for a complete
medical examination, including exercise and bronchial challenge testing.
Any determination of fitness for diving must be made on the basis of such
examination and specific testing.
Snorkeling,
BSA
The Snorkeling, BSA,
requirements have been developed to introduce Scout-age children to the
special skills, equipment, and safety precautions associated with snorkeling;
to encourage the development of aquatics skills that promote fitness and
recreation; and to provide a solid foundation of skills and knowledge for
those who later will participate in more advanced underwater activity.
Any trained Aquatics
Instructor, BSA, may serve as a counselor. A person recognized and certified
as a snorkeling instructor by the Professional Association of Diving Instructors
(PADI), the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), American
Red Cross, or the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) also qualifies
as a Snorkeling, BSA, counselor.
Instructions must
be conducted in clear, confined water with a maximum depth of 12 feet.
A swimming pool is recommended. All requirements must be completed as stated
on the application form, which is available at your local council service
center. The counselor may not omit, vary, or add requirements. The requirements
are presented in the order in which they should be taught to the Scout.
The completed application should be submitted to the local council service
center by the counselor or unit leader.
BSA Snorkeling Safety
Snorkeling Safety is
the recommended procedure for conducting group snorkeling at a private
or public pool, wilderness pond, stream, or wherever the water looks inviting
enough to take a dip.
-
Qualified Supervision
All snorkeling
activity must be supervised by a mature and conscientious adult age 21
or older who understands and knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being
and safety of the youth members in his or her care; who is experienced
in the water and is confident of his or her ability to respond in the event
of an emergency; and who is trained in and committed to compliance with
the eight points of BSA Snorkeling Safety.
-
Physical Fitness
All persons must
present evidence of fitness for snorkeling activity with a complete health
history from physician, parent, or legal guardian. The adult supervisor
should adjust all supervision, discipline, and protection to anticipate
any potential risks associated with individual health conditions. In the
event of any significant health conditions, a medical evaluation by a physician
should be required by the adult leader. Those with physical disabilities
can enjoy and benefit from aquatics if the disabilities are known and the
necessary precautions are taken.
-
Safe Area
Training in the
use of snorkeling equipment shall be performed in clear, confined water
that is not more than 12 feet deep.
Snorkeling may be
done in water outside of a confined area under the direction of the qualified
supervisor if the participant has met the BSA snorkeling requirements.
The local conditions and ability of those engaged in the snorkeling activity
should be considered by the qualified supervisor to determine if any special
precautions should be taken.
Snorkeling shall
not be done if boat traffic, waves, current, water temperature, or weather
conditions in the area are deemed unsafe by the qualified supervisor. Time
in the water should be adjusted based on the water temperature.
-
Proper Equipment
-
The snorkeling equipment
shall be properly fitted and in good repair.
-
The use of snorkeling
vests and personal flotation devices is at the discretion of the qualified
supervisor based on the local conditions and the ability of the person(s)
engaged in the snorkeling activity.
-
A diver-down flag must
be used in accordance with local rules and regulations.
-
Appropriate lifesaving
equipment in good repair is ready and available to the qualified lookout
while supervising the snorkeling activity.
-
Qualified Lookout
The qualified
lookouts are stationed in a location (either afloat or ashore) where it
is possible to see and hear all those engaged in the snorkeling activity.
The qualified lookout is a strong swimmer with lifeguard skills (i.e.,
competent swimmers with basic water-rescue skills serve as both lookouts
and lifeguards). A minimum of two qualified lookouts are provided with
at least one qualified lookout for every eight snorkelers in the water.
-
Ability
Beginners and
nonswimmers in clear, confined water of the appropriate depth may use masks
and fins, separately or together, under close supervision. Training for
Snorkeling, BSA is limited to qualified swimmers.
Snorkeling in open
water is limited to those classified as swimmers unless the supervisor
determines that those in the other ability groups may safely participate
while wearing a properly fitted personal flotation device.
A group should not
undertake a snorkeling activity in open water unless all participants,
including the adult supervisor, have completed basic instruction in the
Snorkeling, BSA requirements.
-
Buddy System
All participants
in snorkeling activities should be paired as buddies and remain close enough
that they are constantly aware of their buddy's location and condition.
Generally, buddies should take turns making breath-holding dives. That
is, one buddy remains at the surface, floating with his mask in the water
while breathing through the snorkel, and keeps an eye on the buddy who
is down. When the diver surfaces, both buddies should check their position
relative to the rest of the group before moving on or letting the other
buddy dive.
It is the combined
responsibility of the adult supervisor, the lookout, and the lifeguards
to know the number of people in the water at all times, to make periodic
checks of that number, and to call for buddy checks when it is necessary
to confirm that number.
-
Discipline
Be sure everyone
understands and agrees that snorkeling is allowed only with proper supervision
and use of the complete BSA Snorkeling Safety. The applicable rules should
be presented and learned prior to the outing, and should be reviewed for
all participants at the beginning of the snorkeling activity. Scouts should
respect and follow all directions and rules of the adult supervisor. When
people know the reason for rules and procedures they are likely to follow
them. Be strict and fair, showing no favoritism.
Waterskiing
Safe waterskiing starts
with safe equipment; a thorough knowledge of techniques; competent instruction;
an efficient, careful towboat operator; and a conscientious observer. A
life jacket is a must for all water-skiers. Skis should be in good shape
and free from sharp or protruding edges. The boat operator should be driving
solely for the benefit, satisfaction, and safety of the skier. The boat
and skier should stay away from docks, swimmers, boaters, people who are
fishing, and other objects.
The Water-Skier's
Safety Code and Boat Driver's Safety Code are found in the Waterskiing
merit badge pamphlet. These are guidelines to be followed by all those
involved in the sport of waterskiing.
Reference: Waterskiing
merit badge pamphlet
Boardsailing
The BSA boardsailing
program has been developed to introduce Scout-age children to basic boardsailing
skills, equipment, and safety precautions, to encourage development of
skills that promote fitness and safe aquatics recreation, and to lay a
skill and knowledge foundation for those who will later participate in
more advanced and demanding activities on the water.
Any person recognized
and certified as an instructor by Windsurfer International or the U.S.
Board Sailing Association may serve as a counselor for the Boardsailing
Award with the approval of the local council service center. Any person
trained and experienced in boardsailing skills and safety may serve as
a counselor for this award in a Scout summer camp program under the direction
and supervision of a currently trained BSA Aquatics Instructor.
Instruction in recreational
activity must be conducted according to the BSA guidelines for boardsailing.
The Boardsailing Award is now available for inclusion in Scouting programs.
Reference: Boardsailing
BSA Award Application, No. 19-935
Whitewater
Safety Code
The American Whitewater
Affiliation (AWA) Safety Code includes ten recommendations for river safety:
-
Be a competent swimmer.
-
Wear a PFD.
-
Keep your canoe or raft
under control, always!
-
Be aware of river hazards
and avoid them.
-
Boating alone is not
recommended; preferred minimum is three to a craft.
-
Be suitably equipped.
-
Wear shoes (tennis shoes
or special canoeing shoes are best).
-
Tie your glasses on.
-
Carry a knife and waterproof
matches (also compass and map).
-
Don't wear bulky clothing
that will waterlog.
-
Wear a crash helmet
where upsets are likely.
-
Carry an extra paddle
and canoe-repair tape.
-
Open canoes should have
bow and stern lines (painters) securely attached. Use at least 15 feet
of 1/4- or 3/8-inh rope. Secure them to the canoe so that they are readily
available but will not entangle feet and legs in case of a spill.
-
Swim on your back in
fast water, keeping your feet and legs downstream and high. Keep watching
ahead.
-
When you start to spill,
keep the upstream gunwale high.
-
If you do spill, hang
on to your canoe and get to the upstream end. (Note: If you are heading
into rough rapids and quick rescue is not expected, or if water is numbing
cold, then swim for shore or a rock where you can climb out of the water.)
-
When you are with a
group:
-
Organize the group to
even out canoeing ability
-
Keep the group compact
for mutual support.
-
Don't crowd rapids!
Let each canoe complete the run before the next canoe enters.
-
Each canoe is responsible
for the canoe immediately behind it.
Age
Guidelines
The Boy Scouts of America
has established the following guidelines for its members' participation
in camping activities:
-
Overnight camping by
first-, second-, and third-grade Cub Scout dens is not approved, and certificates
of liability insurance will not be provided by the Boy Scouts of America.
-
Cub Scouts (second-
and third-graders) and Webelos Scouts (fourth- and fifth-graders) may participate
in a resident overnight camping program covering at least two nights and
operating under certified leadership in an established Scout camp operated
by the council during the normal camping season.
-
A Webelos Scout may
participate in overnight den camping when supervised by his mother or father.
It is essential that each Webelos Scout be under the supervision of an
adult. Joint Webelos den-troop campouts are encouraged for dens of fifth-grade
Webelos Scouts with their parents to strengthen ties between the pack and
troop. Den leaders, pack leaders, and parents are expected to accompany
the boys on approved trips.
Family
Camping
Family camping:
an outdoor camping experience, other than resident camping, that involves
Cub Scouting, Boy Scouting, or Venturing program elements in overnight
settings with two or more family members, including at least one BSA member
of that family. Parents are responsible for the supervision of their children,
and Youth Protection guidelines apply.
-
Recreational family
camping
-
Recreational family
camping: when Scouting families camp as a family unit outside of an organized
program. It is a nonstructured camping experience, but is conducted within
a Scouting framework on local council-owned or -managed property. Local
councils may have family camping grounds available for rental at reasonable
rates. Other resources may include equipment, information, and training.
Additional Cub Scout
Overnight Opportunities
Cub Scouts can experience
overnight activities in venues other than accredited resident camping.
There are two categories of Cub Scout overnighters:
-
Council-Organized
Family Camp
-
Council-organized
family camps are overnight events involving more than one pack. The local
council provides all of the elements of the outdoor experience, such as
staffing, food service, housing, and program. These are often referred
to as Parent/Pal or Adventure weekends. Council-organized family camps
should be conducted by trained leaders at sites approved by the local council.
In most cases, the youth member will be under the supervision of a parent
or guardian. In all cases, each youth participant is responsible to a specific
adult.
-
Overnight activities
involving more than one pack must be approved by the council. Council-organized
family camps must be conducted in accordance with established standards
as given in National Standards for Council Family Camping, No. 13-408.
-
Pack Overnighters
-
These are pack-organized
overnight events involving more than one family from a single pack, focused
on age-appropriate Cub Scout activities and conducted at council-approved
locations (councils use Site Standards Approval, No. 13-508). If nonmembers
(siblings) participate, the event must be structured accordingly to accommodate
them. BSA health and safety and youth protection guidelines apply. In most
cases, each youth participant is responsible to a specific adult.
-
Adults giving leadership
to a pack overnighter must complete Basic Adult Leader Outdoor Orientation
(BALOO, No. 34162A) to properly understand the importance of program intent,
youth protection guidelines, health and safety, site selection, age-appropriate
activities, and sufficient adult participation. Permits for campouts shall
be issued locally. Packs use Local Tour Permit Application, No. 34426B.
Tiger cubs are limited
to boy-parent excursions, day camps, or council-managed family camping.
-
All Scouts registered
in Boy Scout troops are eligible to participate in troop or patrol overnight
campouts, camporees, and resident camps.
-
Boy Scouts and Varsity
Scouts 12 through 17 are eligible to participate in national jamborees.
Boy Scouts and Varsity Scouts 13 through 17 are also eligible to participate
in world jamborees and high-adventure programs.
-
All youth registered
in Venturing are eligible to participate in crew, district, council, and
national Venturing activities. Venturers are eligible to participate in
national high-adventure programs, and on a limited basis, world jamborees.
Venturers are eligible to participate in Boy Scout resident camp if registered
and attending with a troop.
If a well-meaning leader
brings along a child who does not meet these age guidelines, disservice
is done to the unit because of distractions often caused by younger children.
A disservice is also done to the child, who is not trained to participate
in such an activity and who, as a nonmember of the group, may be ignored
by the older campers.
Wilderness
Camping
Anything can happen
in the wild outdoors, and you should take measures designed to prevent
accidents and injuries from occurring. Ask the question: "What would happen
if ________ occurred?" Once you have identified possible problems, devise
a plan to minimize the risks and to manage a crisis if one occurs. Involve
the entire crew in this process so that everyone becomes aware of potential
dangers and how to avoid them.
Obviously, the best
way to stay safe in the wilderness is to not get into trouble in the first
place. This requires planning, leadership, and good judgment. To help be
prepared for the challenges of a wilderness trek and camping experience,
read Passport to High Adventure, No. 4310.
Trail
Safety
Alertness and care in
all that is done on the trail and performing within the group's known capabilities
are among the best preventive measures against accidents. Most common outdoor
injuries are blisters, cuts, sprains, strains, bruises, and fractures.
Hikers also may become lost or get caught in storms, and they often panic
as a result. Avoidable tragedies may occur if campers and leaders lack
the skills and knowledge to deal with the problems encountered. Leaders
must alert youth members to the dangers of unusual environment with proper
instructions on fire safety, orienteering, and safe travel.
Leaders must instruct
those in their groups to stay together on well-established trails,
avoid loose rocks (especially on descent), and avoid dangerous ledges,
cliffs, and areas where a fall might occur. Accidents can occur when hikers
kick and roll boulders down steep hills. Wilderness trails have no caution
signs for loose rocks, nor do they have guardrails on cliffs.
It is strongly recommended
that at least one person in the group be currently certified in first aid
through the American Red Cross or any recognized agency.
Trail safety is a
matter of common sense. The response of individual members of a group in
doing the right thing is important. When they understand the reason for
rules of safety, they obey them more willingly.
The Boy Scouts of
America has an abundance of literature related to proper procedures and
guidelines for a group on a trail.
References: Boy
Scout Handbook; Backpacking, Camping, and Hiking merit badge
pamphlets; Cub Scout Leader Book; Scoutmaster Handbook; Fieldbook
Trek
Safely
Each of the following
elements plays an important role in the overall Trek Safely procedure.
Fun and safe overnight trekking activities require compliance with Trek
Safely by both adult and youth leaders.
1. Qualified Supervision
All backcountry treks
must be supervised by a mature, conscientious adult at least 21 years of
age who understands the potential risks associated with the trek. This
person knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being and safety of
the youth in his or her care. This adult supervisor is trained in and committed
to compliance with the seven points of the BSA's Trek Safely procedure.
One additional adult who is at least 18 years of age must also accompany
the unit.
The lead adult is
responsible for ensuring that someone in the group is currently trained
in first aid appropriate to the type of trek and the environment. American
Red Cross Wilderness First Aid Basic (a 16-hour course) and CPR are recommended.
A signed parental informed consent form for each participant under 18 years
of age may be used for adventurous activities such as whitewater, climbing,
and horse packing treks.
2. Keep Fit
Require evidence of
fitness with a current BSA Personal Health and Medical Record—Class III
form, No. 34412A. A regular fitness regimen is recommended for trek participants.
They are urged to start slowly, gradually increasing the duration and intensity
of their exercise. The adult leader should adjust supervision, protection,
and planning to anticipate potential risks associated with individual health
conditions. Neither youth nor adults should participate in a trek or activity
for which they are not physically prepared. See Passport to High Adventure,
No. 4310.
3. Plan Ahead
Planning a trek includes
filing a tour permit application with the local council service center
at least a month before the departure date. If travel of more than 500
miles is planned, submit the National Tour Permit Application, No. 4419B.
For activities off the local council property and within 500 miles of home
base, submit the Local Tour Permit Application, No. 34426B.
The trek should match
the maturity, skill level, and fitness of unit members. A youth or adult
leader must secure land-use permits to use public land or written permission
from the owner to cross or use private land. It is also crucial to learn
about any requirements and recommendations from the local land manager.
Find out about the terrain, elevation ranges, trails, wildlife, campsites,
typical weather conditions, and environmental issues for the period of
the trek.
Training in Leave
No Trace using the Principles of Leave No Trace, No. 21-105, and
the Leave No Trace Training Outline, No. 20-113, is crucial. Units
should anticipate a range of weather conditions and temperatures and develop
an alternate itinerary in the event that adverse conditions develop.
4. Gear Up
Procure topographic
maps, as well as current trail maps, for the area of the trek. Take equipment
and clothing that is appropriate for the weather and unit skill level,
is in good condition, and is properly sized for each participant. A qualified
youth or adult leader ensures that participants are trained in the proper
use of specialized equipment, particularly items with which they are not
familiar, such as climbing ropes, ice axes, crampons, watercraft, bridles,
saddles, and cross-country skis and poles. A shakedown must be conducted
to be sure each person has the right equipment without taking too much.
Crew equipment includes
a first-aid kit stocked with current medications and supplies. The leader
reminds youth and adults to bring and take prescribed medications. Every
crew must have the means to treat water for drinking by boiling it, treating
it with chemicals, or using an approved water filter. When ultraviolet
light (sunlight) is prevalent, it is critical that participants have adequate
sun protection, including broad-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen.
5. Communicate Clearly
and Completely
Communication is one
of the keys to a safe outdoor adventure, and staying in touch with home
base is the first step. A youth or adult leader should complete a trip
plan and share these details of the trek—including time of departure, overnight
stops, the time of expected return, the trailhead (where vehicles will
be parked) and the itinerary and alternate itinerary—with a contact person
in the home area. At any time the itinerary changes, one of the leaders
relays the changes to the contact person, who in turn relays them to the
Scouts' parents. A plan for communicating with each parent is developed
before the trek.
A means of electronic
communication—with backup power—may be helpful should an emergency occur.
The leader should carry the telephone numbers or contact information of
medical and emergency services in the area of the trek. Before calling
for emergency assistance, the exact location and nature of the patient's
injury or illness should be determined.
Youth and adult leaders
are responsible for making sure that everyone knows what to expect and
what is expected of them. Leaders should communicate with each other, as
well as with the entire crew, to avoid unpleasant surprises.
6. Monitor Conditions
The leaders are responsible
for making good decisions during the trek, conservatively estimating the
capabilities and stamina of the group. If adverse conditions develop, the
group is prepared to stop or turn back. The unit is responsible for monitoring
weather conditions and forecasts before and during the trek—a small National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) radio is helpful for
learning current weather forecasts. Leaders continually assess conditions,
including weather, terrain, group morale, food and water supplies, group
physical condition, and other factors to determine the difference between
what is difficult and what is dangerous. Dangerous conditions are avoided.
7. Discipline
Each participant knows,
understands, and respects the rules and procedures for safe trekking and
has been oriented in Trek Safely. Applicable rules should be presented
and learned prior to the outing and should be reviewed with participants
before the trek begins. When participants know the reasons for rules and
procedures, they are more likely to follow them. Adult and youth leaders
must be strict and fair, showing no favoritism.
Beware
of Lightning
The summits of mountains,
crests of ridges, slopes above timberline, and large meadows are extremely
hazardous places to be during lightning storms. If you are caught in such
an exposed place, quickly descend to a lower elevation, away from the direction
of the approaching storm, and squat down, keeping your head low. A dense
forest located in a depression provides the best protection. Avoid taking
shelter under isolated trees or trees much taller than adjacent trees.
Stay away from water, metal objects, and other substances that will conduct
electricity long distances.
By squatting with
your feet close together, you have minimal contact with the ground, thus
reducing danger from ground currents. If the threat of lightning strikes
is great, your group should not huddle together but spread out at least
15 feet apart. If one member of your group is jolted, the rest of you can
tend to him. Whenever lightning is nearby, take off backpacks with either
external or internal metal frames. In tents, stay at least a few inches
from metal tent poles.
Lightning Safety
Rules
-
Stay away from open
doors and windows, fireplaces, radiators, stoves, metal pipes, sinks, and
plug-in electrical appliances.
-
Don't use hair dryers,
electric toothbrushes, or electric razors.
-
Don't use the telephone;
lightning may strike telephone wires outside.
-
Don't take laundry off
the clothesline.
-
Don't work on fences,
telephone lines, power lines, pipelines, or structural steel fabrications.
-
Don't handle flammable
materials in open containers.
-
Don't use metal objects,
such as fishing rods and golf clubs. Golfers wearing cleated shoes are
particularly good lightning rods.
-
Stop tractor work, especially
when the tractor is pulling metal equipment, and dismount. Tractors and
other implements in metallic contact with the ground are often struck by
lightning.
-
Get out of the water
and off small boats.
-
Stay in the car if you
are traveling. Automobiles offer excellent lightning protection.
-
When no shelter is available,
avoid the highest object in the area. If only isolated trees are nearby,
the best protection is to crouch in the open, keeping twice as far away
from isolated trees as the trees are high.
-
Avoid hilltops, open
spaces, wire fences, metal clotheslines, exposed sheds, and any electrically
conducted elevated objects.
Pure
Drinking Water
A constant supply of
pure drinking water is essential. Serious illness can result from drinking
unpurified water. Protect your health. Don't take a chance on using water
that you are not sure of. Thermos jugs, plastic water containers, and canteens
are all satisfactory for carrying water. Be sure water is dispensed into
each person's own drinking cup.
Treatment of Questionable
Water
In addition to having
a bad odor or taste, water from questionable sources may be contaminated
by microorganisms, such as Giardia, that can cause a variety of diseases.
All water of uncertain purity should be purified before use. Don't take
a chance on using water that you are not sure of. To purify water, follow
these steps:
-
Filter the water to
remove as many solids as possible.
-
Bring it to a rolling
boil and boil it for a full minute.
-
Let it cool at least
30 minutes.
-
Add eight drops of liquid
chlorine bleach per gallon of cool water. (Use common household bleach;
5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite should be the only active ingredient;
there should not be any added soap or fragrances). Water must be cool or
chlorine will dissipate and be rendered useless.
-
Let the water stand
30 minutes.
-
If it smells of chlorine,
you can use it. If it does not smell of chlorine, add eight more drops
of bleach and let it stand another 30 minutes. Smell it again. You can
use it if it smells of chlorine. If it doesn't, discard it and find another
water source.
-
The only accepted measurement
of chlorine (or water treatment agents) is the drop. A drop is specifically
measurable. Other measures such as "capful" or "scant teaspoon" are not
uniformly measurable and should not be used.
In addition to common
household bleach, several other types of chemical means to disinfect water
are available, such as iodine tables, iodide crystals, and halazone tablets.
All of these are acceptable, but some people have an allergic reaction
to iodine products. Follow the instructions on the package for proper use.
To treat cold water
you must lengthen the contact (sitting) time depending on the water temperature
to destroy Giardia that may be present. Very cold water may take
as long as four times the normal contact time.
Several types of
water purification filters are available at camp stores. The Boy Scouts
of America recommends that if you use a water filter, you also chemically
treat and/or boil the water and carry extra filter cartridges and spare
parts. Among the best water filters are PUR, MSR, Katadyn, First Need,
and Sweet Water.
BSA
Property Smart
Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts,
and Venturers are often privileged to use the land and property of others
for hiking, camping, and other activities. This privilege carries important
responsibilities regarding care, courtesy and cleanliness.
Carelessness is regrettable
and must be avoided at all times. On the other hand, deliberate vandalism
is a criminal act and is forbidden. Every Scout and Scouter has an obligation
to do his or her best to care for and protect every property that he or
she visits.
All youth and leaders
should follow these guidelines:
-
Every group that plans
to use a site must obtain permission from the owner before entering the
land. The best plan is for one or two of the leaders to visit the owner
several weeks before the trip to get permission; if this is not possible,
the owner should be contacted by letter or telephone.
If there is any
uncertainty about permission (for instance, permission has been granted
in the past, but you received no response to your recent request), check
in when you arrive for the trip. In this case, one or two members of the
group should find the owner while other members wait. Don't assume that
permission is automatic and begin unloading equipment. If you find that
the owner is not available and you don't have prior permission, you must
go elsewhere.
-
Many camp and activity
sites, such as those found in state parks, national forests, and national
parks, are owned by government entities or municipalities. Many of these
have strict access policies and/or permits that need to be secured in advance.
Be sure to follow the rules, which can be explained by a property official
or ranger.
-
Ask where it will be
convenient to park cars. Don't block traffic lanes and driveways.
-
Never write, mark, or
paint on walls, ceilings, rocks, or structures. Occasionally, it may be
necessary to mark a confusing trail or road. For this purpose, carry small
signs with arrows drawn on them. Place the markers in suitable locations
as the group enters, and collect them on the way out. Don't cut live branches
or trees.
-
You might need to cross
someone's property to reach a campsite or activity area. Obtain permission
to do so, and remember that a landowner's income might depend on his or
her crops and livestock. Don't climb fences that might break under your
weight. Always leave gates exactly as you found them. Open gates can result
in extensive loss to the owner.
-
Don't tease or chase
livestock. Take special care not to startle flocks of poultry. Disregard
for the owner's animals can result in injury to you and/or the animals.
-
Be conscious of any
actions that will disturb or inconvenience the owner. Keep noise to a minimum,
especially late at night. Pick up trash, even that left by previous visitors.
Don't build a fire except in cleared fire sites and with the owner's permission.
It's best to use a backpacking stove. Fires must be completely out before
you leave the area.
-
Don't leave behind any
trace of your visit. Leave every natural thing and manmade structure exactly
as it was before you entered, and remove everything you brought to the
site. Put trash in suitable containers, such as plastic bags, and then
take all trash home; never dump it on the ground.
-
If it is not too late
at night, stop as you leave to tell the owner that you are leaving. If
it is late, write a note. Remember that the owner's schedule might not
be the same as yours. If the home is dark, regardless of the hour, don't
disturb the owner. In either case, thank the owner when you leave. Send
a follow-up letter that includes, if possible, pictures taken in the area.
-
When obtaining permission
to enter a property, never underestimate the length of time you might spend
there. If you specify an exit time to the owner, leave at that time. You
can plan longer trips for the future. Missing an exit time could cause
unnecessary concern or inconvenience for the owner.
-
When planning camps
and activities, don't frequent the same well-known sites. Heavy traffic
causes damage and puts a strain on owner relations (commercial or public
sites excepted). In the backcountry, limit camping at one location to no
more than three days to help preserve the natural environment.
-
All Cub Scouts, Boy
Scouts, Venturers, and leaders should demonstrate their interest in the
property of others and their appreciation by participating in or organizing
an occasional cleanup to remove trash and repair damage left by thoughtless
visitors, as well as to remove writing on walls and rocks. With the owner's
permission, you might even carry out conservation projects such as erosion
control or wildlife habitat improvement. This makes an excellent group
project and teaches conservation of and respect for the natural environment
and property of others.
Often, people
forget that camps, trails, and activity sites belong to the landowner and
that they must depend on his or her goodwill. In recent years, use of natural
areas has increased tremendously. Owners of popular sites are besieged
by people seeking entrance, and the result has been that many owners are
becoming alienated. The rudeness and thoughtlessness of a few people can
cause property owners to exclude everyone from a site.
The above rules boil
down to a simple statement: Use common sense and treat the owner as you
would like to be treated. If outdoor activity is to continue in this country,
everyone must do all they can to make themselves welcome at each site they
visit.
Hantavirus
Hantavirus is a deadly
virus that was first recognized as a unique health hazard in 1993. Outbreaks
have been principally limited to the Four Corners region of Arizona, New
Mexico, Utah, and Colorado. There are four different strains of hantavirus,
and cases have been reported in 26 different states. The virus is most
active when the temperature is between 45 and 72 degrees (F).
Hantavirus is spread
through the urine and feces of infected rodents. It is an airborne virus.
A person is infected by breathing in particles released into the air when
infected rodents, their nests, or their droppings are disturbed. This can
happen when a person is handling rodents, disturbing rodent nests or burrows,
cleaning buildings where rodents have made a home, or working outdoors.
The virus will die quickly when exposed to sunlight.
Symptoms of hantavirus
include fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, and a dry, nonproductive cough. If you suspect that someone has been
infected, consult a physician immediately.
Rabies
Prevention
Rabies has become increasingly
prevalent in the United States in recent years, with more than 7,000 animals,
most of which are wild, found to have the disease each year, according
to statistics released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). This viral infection is often found in bats, foxes, raccoons, and
skunks. Rabies can be transmitted by warm-blooded animals, including domestic
dogs and cats.
Although rabies in
humans is rare in the United States, the CDC reports that more than 22,000
people in this country require vaccination each year after being exposed
to rabid or potentially rabid animals. States with the highest number of
reported cases include New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, New Mexico, Texas,
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Maryland, and
parts of northern California.
Scout leaders can
help prevent exposures by reminding Scouts to steer clear of wild animals
and domestic animals that they don't know. If someone is scratched or bitten
by a potentially rabid animal, Scout leaders should
-
Wash the wound thoroughly
with soap and water
-
Call a doctor or a hospital
emergency room
-
Get a description of
the animal
Notify local animal
control office, police department, or board of health.
The Boy Scouts
of America prohibits the use of alcoholic beverages and controlled substances
at encampments or activities on property owned and/or operated by the Boy
Scouts of America, or at any activity involving participation of youth
members.
Adult leaders should
support the attitude that young adults are better off without tobacco and
may not allow the use of tobacco products at any BSA activity involving
youth participants.
All Scouting functions,
meetings, and activities should be conducted on a smoke-free basis, with
smoking areas located away from all participants.
Perhaps the most
critical test of your preparedness will be in time of emergency. Developing
and rehearsing an emergency action plan will add precious time needed for
response to a crisis. This is true on a day hike, overnight or longer troop
camp, and all other activities. A plan should include:
-
The person in charge
-
Action to be taken
-
Alternatives
-
People and agencies
to notify
-
Location of law enforcement
-
Fire and health facilities
-
Evacuation procedures
Skilled planners "live"
the experience in advance by thinking their way through every detail of
an activity or event. This practice helps eliminate surprises. If an emergency
occurs, panic is replaced by self-confident quickness.
Whenever an emergency
occurs in which a person needs medical care beyond simple first aid (for
example, going to a medical clinic or emergency room at a hospital), leaders
should immediately notify the parent or next of kin. In case of a missing
Scout or a fatality, notify the council Scout executive after notifying
local authorities and emergency medical services.
Prepare an emergency
phone number list, like the one below, for out-of-town trips. This list
and an ample supply of coins should be kept with your first-aid kit.
Reporting
Deaths or Serious Injury
Adult leaders are responsible
for informing their council Scout executive or designee, as soon as possible,
of a death or serious injury or illness. A serious injury or illness is
defined as:
-
Any period of unconsciousness;
-
Any hospital inpatient
admission; or
-
Any surgical intervention
other than suturing of the skin or setting of simple fractures.
Leaders should be prepared
to give specific facts of:
-
WHO?
-
Name of subject, age;
name and complete address of parent(s) or next of kin.
-
WHEN?
-
Date, time of day.
-
WHERE?
-
Location and community.
-
WHAT?
-
Nature of illness or
accident.
-
HOW?
-
If known, e.g., swimming,
boating, hiking.
Prompt and accurate
reporting to the news media is most important. The local council has a
crisis communications plan, and the Scout Executive will designate one
spokesperson in order to avoid conflicting reports. Parents or next of
kin will be informed by personal contact before any release is made to
the public.
Nonserious injuries
need not be reported. It is recommended that a report be prepared regarding
each such incident and maintained by the unit for future reference.
Emergency
Phone Number List
-
Location of trip or
expedition
-
Location of nearest
town(s), city(ies), or phone(s)
-
Name and phone number
of nearest doctor, hospital, or medical facility
-
Name and phone number
of nearest county sheriff's department
-
Name and phone number
of nearest state or federal park station
-
Phone number of Highway
Patrol
-
Phone number of BSA
local council service center:
First aid is the
first help or immediate care given someone who has suddenly sickened or
been hurt in an accident. First-aid training continues through the program
of the Boy Scouts of America as concrete evidence that we are prepared
to help others in need.
It is important that
one person in each touring group be trained in the principles of first
aid, know how and when to put this knowledge to the best use, and thoroughly
understand the limitations of this knowledge.
It is strongly recommended
that adult leaders in Scouting avail themselves of CPR and first-aid training
by the American Red Cross or any recognized agency to be aware of the latest
techniques and procedures. However, some of the first-aid techniques found
in BSA literature are not the same as those professed by the American Red
Cross. Frequently, modifications depend on the Scout's age - this could
be a factor in the Scout's judgment and physical dexterity.
First-Aid
Kits
A first-aid kit well
stocked with the basic essentials is indispensable. Choose one sturdy and
lightweight, yet large enough to hold the contents so that they are readily
visible and so that any one item may be taken out without unpacking the
whole kit. Keep a list of contents readily available for easy refilling.
Keep the kit in a convenient location. Make one person responsible for
keeping the kit filled and available when needed. Quantities of suggested
items for your first-aid kit depend on the size of your group and local
conditions.
Suggested First-Aid
Kit Contents
-
Bar of soap
-
2-inch roller bandage
-
1-inch roller bandage
-
1-inch adhesive
-
3-by-3-inch sterile
pads
-
Triangular bandage
-
Assorted gauze pads
-
Adhesive strips
-
Clinical oral thermometer
-
Scissors
-
Tweezers
-
Sunburn lotion
-
Lip salve
-
Poison-ivy lotion
-
Small flashlight (with
extra
batteries and bulb)
-
Absorbent cotton
-
Water purification tablets
(iodine)
-
Safety pins
-
Needles
-
Paper cups
-
Foot powder
-
Instant ice packs
Because of the possibility
of exposure to communicable diseases, first-aid kits should include latex
or vinyl gloves, plastic goggles or other eye protection, and antiseptic
to be used when giving first aid to bleeding victims, as protection against
possible exposure. Mouth barrier devices should be available for
use with CPR.
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
This specialized skill
to endeavor to revive victims of cardiac arrest (no breathing-no pulse)
may be taught to Boy Scouts and Venturers by an instructor currently trained
by the American Red Cross or American Heart Association. Teaching this
skill to Cub Scouts is not recommended.
Preliminary skills
related to CPR are found in the Boy Scout Handbook and the First
Aid merit badge pamphlet (rescue breathing, choking, and steps to take
for CPR).
Protection
Considerations for Bloodborne Pathogens
Many people are concerned
about the rapid spread of HIV (the AIDS virus) and try to avoid exposing
themselves to this hazard. Health professionals and amateur first-aiders
like those of us in Scouting may find ourselves faced with special concerns
in this regard. Therefore, we must know how to act and how to instruct
the youth we lead. Try to maintain the BSA's tradition of rendering first
aid to those in need. Recognize that often the victims we treat with first
aid are friends and family members whose health we are familiar with. Therefore,
in such cases, except when we know they have infectious diseases, we should
not hesitate to treat them.
The Boy Scouts
of America Recommends
Treat all blood as
if it were contaminated with bloodborne viruses. Do not use bare hands
to stop bleeding; always use a protective barrier. Always wash exposed
skin area with hot water and soap immediately after treating the victim.
The following equipment is to be included in all first-aid kits and used
when rendering first aid to those in need:
-
Latex or vinyl gloves,
to be used when stopping bleeding or dressing wounds
-
A mouth-barrier device
for rendering rescue breathing or CPR
-
Plastic goggles or other
eye protection to prevent a victim's blood from getting into the rescuer's
eyes in the event of serious arterial bleeding
-
Antiseptic, for sterilizing
or cleaning exposed skin area, particularly if there is no soap or water
available.
Individuals (medicine,
fire rescue, and law enforcement Venturing crew members; volunteer first-aiders
at camporees, Scouting shows, and similar events) who might have been exposed
to another's blood and body fluids should know the following:
-
The chartered organization
and its leaders should always explain and make clear the possible degree
of exposure to blood or body fluids as a result of Scouting activities.
-
As a precaution, adult
volunteers or youth members should consider a hepatitis B vaccination.
The cost of the shots will not be borne by BSA, nor is the chartered organization
required to underwrite the cost.
-
The chartered organization
may arrange to have shots given at a reduced rate or free of charge.
-
If vaccination is recommended,
any adult volunteers and youth members who decline the shots, either at
full cost to them or at a reduced rate, or free, should sign a refusal
waiver that should be retained by the council for five years.
Near-Drowning
Near-drowning is a term
used to describe a fatality that occurs several hours after resuscitation
or revival of a drowning victim. Near-drowning accidents are usually witnessed
and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is delivered at the scene. Lung
rupture can occur during the submersion or consequent to the resuscitation
efforts. Pneumonia is a later complication in the injured lung. To ensure
that water-accident victims do not become near-drownings, they need to
be admitted to a hospital with a respiratory intensive care unit and monitored
for at least 24 hours to watch for complications. The hypothermic victim
requires special attention.
Chemical
Fuels
Knowledgeable adult
supervision must be provided when Scouts are involved in the storage of
chemical fuels, the handling of chemical fuels in the filling of stoves
or lanterns, or the lighting of chemical fuels. The use of liquid fuels
for starting any type of fire is prohibited.
Guidelines
for Safely Using Chemical Stoves and Lanterns
-
Use compressed- or liquid-gas
stoves or lanterns only with knowledgeable adult supervision and in Scout
facilities only where and when permitted.
-
Operate and maintain
according to manufacturer's instructions included with the stove or lantern.
-
Both gasoline and kerosene
shall be kept in well-marked, approved containers (never in a glass container)
and stored in a ventilated, locked box at a safe distance (a minimum of
20 feet) from buildings and tents. Keep all chemical fuel containers away
from hot stoves and campfires, and store below 100 degrees (F).
-
Let hot stoves and lanterns
cool before changing cylinders of compressed gases or refilling from containers
of liquid gas.
-
Refill liquid-gas stoves
and lanterns a safe distance from any flames, including other stoves, campfires,
and personal smoking substances. A commercial camp stove fuel should be
used for safety and performance. Pour through a filter funnel. Recap both
the device and the fuel container before igniting.
-
Never fuel a stove,
heater, or lantern inside a cabin; always do this outdoors. Do not operate
a stove, lantern, or charcoal grill in an unventilated structure. Provide
at least two ventilation openings, one high and one low, to provide oxygen
and exhaust for lethal gases. Never fuel (example: all liquid fuels, charcoal.
etc.), ignite, or operate a stove, heater, or lantern in a tent.
-
Place the stove on a
level, secure surface before operating. On snow, place insulated support
under the stove to prevent melting and tipping.
-
Periodically check fittings
on compressed-gas stoves and on pressurized liquid-gas stoves for leakage,
using soap solution before lighting.
-
To avoid possible fires,
locate gas tanks, stoves, etc., below any tents since heavy leakage of
gas will flow downhill the same as water.
-
When lighting a stove,
keep fuel containers and extra cannisters well away. Do not hover over
the stove when lighting it. Keep your head and body to one side. Open the
stove valve quickly for two full turns and light carefully, with head,
fingers, and hands to the side of the burner. Then adjust down.
-
Do not leave a lighted
stove or lantern unattended.
-
Do not overload the
stovetop with heavy pots or large frying pans. If pots over 2 quarts are
necessary, set up a separate grill with legs to hold the pot, and place
the stove under the grill.
-
Bring empty fuel containers
home for disposal. Do not place in or near fires. Empty fuel containers
will explode if heated and should never be put in fireplaces or with burnable
trash.
Flammability
Warning
No tent material is
completely fireproof. It can burn when exposed to continued, intense heat
or fire. The most important safeguard is to keep flames away from canvas
materials. For this reason, the following safety precautions are emphasized:
-
Only flashlights and
electric lanterns are permitted in tents. No flames in tents
is a rule that must be enforced.
-
Never use liquid-fuel
stoves, heaters, lanterns, lighted candles, matches, and other flame sources
in or near tents.
-
Do not pitch tents near
an open fire.
-
Do not use flammable
chemicals near tents - charcoal lighter or spray cans of paint, bug killer,
or repellent.
-
Be careful when using
electricity and lighting in tents.
-
Always extinguish cooking
campfires promptly.
-
Obey all fire laws,
ordinances, and regulations.
Extinguishers
If fire breaks out,
it must be quickly and properly suppressed. To do this, you must know the
three classes of fires and how to combat them:
-
Class A
-
Fires that involve normally
combustible materials such as paper, wood, fabrics, rubber, and many plastics.
These fires can be quenched with water or insulated with tri-class (ABC)
chemical or foam extinguishers.
-
Class B
-
Fires that involve gasoline,
oil, grease, tars, paints, lacquers, or flammable gases. The oxygen that
supports this type of fire must be cut off by tri-class (ABC), regular
dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers. Water is dangerous,
as it spreads the fire.
-
Class C
-
Electrical fires involving
heated wire and arcing. These fires must be suppressed with tri-class (ABC)
dry chemicals or CO2 - never water, which is a conductor.
Fires in any one class
may involve materials of other classes, so more than one type of extinguisher
should be available. Because of the danger of lethal fumes, carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4) extinguishers must not be used. Dispose of these extinguishers as
recommended by fire officials.
Extinguishers should
normally be mounted near a doorway and approximately at shoulder level.
In a camp setting,
the unit leader is responsible for training Scouts in fire prevention,
fire detection and reporting, and fire fighting. All youth members and
adult leaders should have unit fireguard plan training.
Reference: Unit
Fireguard, No. 33691A
Fireworks
The Boy Scouts of
America prohibits the securing, use, and display of fireworks in conjunction
with programs and activities except where the fireworks display is conducted
under the auspices of a certified or licensed fireworks control expert.
Local councils
may not authorize any group or chartered unit activity for or on behalf
of its members, units, or district to sell fireworks as a fund-raising
or money-earning activity.
The Boy Scouts of
America adheres to its longstanding policy of teaching its youth and adult
members the safe, responsible, intelligent handling, care, and use of firearms,
airguns, and BB guns in planned, carefully managed, and supervised programs.
Except for law
enforcement officers required to carry firearms within their jurisdiction,
firearms shall not be brought on camping, hiking, backpacking, or other
Scouting activities except those specifically planned for target shooting
under the supervision of a certified BSA or National Rifle Association
firearms instructor.
Cub
Scout Standards
Gun-shooting sports
are not an approved part of the Cub Scout program except at a council-approved
Cub Scout day camp, Cub Scout resident camp, or Cub Scout family camp.
At camp, Cub Scouts may have an opportunity to take part in a BB-gun (rifle)
safety and marksmanship program under the direction of a certified BB-gun
range officer.
Cub Scouts are
not permitted to use any other type of handgun or firearm.
Boy
Scout Standards
Boy Scouts are permitted
to fire .22-caliber bolt-action, single-shot rifles, air rifles, shotguns,
and muzzle-loading long guns under the direction of a certified instructor,
21 years of age or older, within the standards outlined in current Scouting
literature and bulletins. BSA policy does not permit the use of handguns
in the Boy Scouting program.
Handguns
(Venturers only)
The following guidelines
relate to the use of handguns within the program of the Boy Scouts of America.
-
Handgun use is limited
to the Venturing program only.
-
All training and
shooting activities must be under the supervision of an NRA-certified instructor
or the firearms instructor of a local, state, or federal agency.
-
All participants
must complete a basic pistol marksmanship course prior to range firing.
The NRA basic pistol marksmanship course (or equivalent training course)
conducted by a law enforcement agency, a civilian gun club, or a U.S. military
department is acceptable.
-
With the approval
of the local council, handgun shooting may be conducted on BSA camp ranges,
provided the shooting is done under the auspices of an NRA-certified instructor
or firearms instructor of a local, state, or federal agency.
-
Care must be taken to
comply with federal, state, and local laws.
Shotguns
The following standards
are established for shotguns to be used by Boy Scouts, Varsity Scouts,
or Venturers:
-
It is recommended
that either 20-, 16-, or 12-gauge semiautomatic shotguns be used. Gas operated
shotguns are recommended.
-
Ammunition containing
No. 8 shot or smaller is recommended on ranges with a protected down range
of 600 feet. Additional down range distance of 150 feet (total 750) is
required for No. 6 shot size. Shot larger than No. 6 is not to be used.
-
Shooting safety glasses
and ear protectors must be worn on shotgun ranges.
-
All training and
shooting activities must be supervised by a currently NRA-certified shotgun
instructor or coach who is 21 years of age or older.
Primary reference: Camp
Program and Property Management (Shooting Sports, Section V)
Muzzle
Loaders
The following standards
for muzzle-loading long guns are to be used by members of the BSA:
-
Muzzle-loading rifles
must be recently manufactured, percussion only. BSA recommends those that
are .45- or .50-caliber. Rifles made from kits must be checked by an expert
gunsmith.
-
Recommended loads
of .FFFg blackpowder are not to exceed 1 grain per caliber. One-half of
this amount is frequently sufficient for target shooting.
-
Shooting safety glasses
and ear protectors must be worn.
-
All training and
shooting activities must be supervised by a currently certified NRA/NMLRA
muzzle-loading rifle instructor who is at least 21 years of age.
-
Each pupil must have
one instructor or adult coach under instructor supervision when loading
and firing.
Primary reference: Camp
Program and Property Management (Shooting Sports, Section V)
Rifles
The following standards
are established for rifle use in Boy Scout and Varsity Scout activities:
-
Breech-loading rifles
will be single-shot, bolt-action of the .22-caliber rim-fire type only.
They may be chambered for the .22-short or .22-long rifle, but not for
the .22-WRF rifle (which uses a more powerful cartridge). Air rifles are
also permitted.
-
Semiautomatic rifles
will not be permitted.
-
Repeating rifles
having a tubular magazine will not be permitted.
-
Repeating rifles
having a removable clip-type magazine will be permitted but must be used
as single-loaders.
-
All rifles used in
BSA shooting sports shall have a trigger pull in excess of 3 pounds, and
shall be tested with a 3-pound weight or scale at least once a week while
in use. If the trigger mechanism is activated by the 3-pound pull, the
rifle should be immediately removed from service.
-
Shooting safety glasses
and ear protectors must be worn on the range.
-
All training and
shooting activities must be supervised by a currently NRA-certified rifle
instructor or coach who is 21 years of age or older.
The
Sweet 16 of BSA Safety
These 16 safety points,
which embody good judgment and common sense, are applicable to all activities:
-
Qualified Supervision.
Every BSA activity should be supervised by a conscientious adult who understands
and knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being and safety of the
children and youth in his or her care. The supervisor should be sufficiently
trained, experienced, and skilled in the activity to be confident of his
or her ability to lead and teach the necessary skills and to respond effectively
in the event of an emergency. Field knowledge of all applicable BSA standards
and a commitment to implement and follow BSA policy and procedures are
essential parts of the supervisor's qualifications.
-
Physical Fitness.
For youth participants in any potentially strenuous activity, the supervisor
should receive a complete health history from a health-care professional,
parent, or guardian. Adult participants and youth involved in higher-risk
activities (e.g., scuba diving) may have to undergo professional evaluation
in addition to completing the health history. The supervisor should adjust
all supervision, discipline, and protection to anticipate potential risks
associated with individual health conditions. Neither youth nor adults
should participate in activities for which they are unfit. To do so would
place both the individual and others at risk.
-
Buddy System.
The long history of the "buddy system" in Scouting has shown that it is
always best to have at least one other person with you and aware at all
times of your circumstances and what you are doing in any outdoor or strenuous
activity.
-
Safe Area or Course.
A key part of the supervisors' responsibility is to know the area or course
for the activity and to determine that it is well-suited and free of hazards.
-
Equipment Selection
and Maintenance. Most activity requires some specialized equipment.
The equipment should be selected to suit the participants and the activity
and to include appropriate safety and program features. The supervisor
should also check equipment to determine whether it is in good condition
for the activity and make sure it is kept properly maintained while in
use.
-
Personal Safety Equipment.
The supervisor must assure that every participant has and uses the appropriate
personal safety equipment. For example, activity afloat requires that each
participant properly wear a personal flotation device (PFD); bikers, horseback
riders, and whitewater kayakers need helmets for certain activities; skaters
need protective gear; and all need to be dressed for warmth and utility
as the circumstances require.
-
Safety Procedures
and Policies. For most activities, common-sense procedures and standards
can greatly reduce any risk. These should be known and appreciated by all
participants, and the supervisor must assure compliance.
-
Skill Level Limits.
Every activity has a minimum skill level, and the supervisor must identify
and recognize this level and be sure that participants are not put at risk
by attempting any activity beyond their abilities. A good example of skill
levels in Scouting is the swim test, which defines conditions for safe
swimming on the basis of individual ability.
-
Weather Check.
The risks of many outdoor activities vary substantially with weather conditions.
Potential weather hazards and the appropriate responses should be understood
and anticipated.
-
Planning. Safe
activity follows a plan that has been conscientiously developed by the
experienced supervisor or other competent source. Good planning minimizes
risks and also anticipates contingencies that may require an emergency
response or a change of plan.
-
Communications.
The supervisor needs to be able to communicate effectively with participants
as needed during the activity. Emergency communications also need to be
considered in advance for any foreseeable contingencies.
-
Permits and Notices.
BSA tour permits, council office registration, government or landowner
authorization, and any similar formalities are the supervisor's responsibility
when such are required. Appropriate notification should be directed to
parents, enforcement authorities, landowners, and others as needed, before
and after the activity.
-
First-Aid Resources.
The supervisor should determine what first-aid supplies to include among
the activity equipment. The level of first-aid training and skill appropriate
for the activity should also be considered. An extended trek over remote
terrain obviously may require more first-aid resources and capabilities
than an afternoon activity in a local community. Whatever is determined
to be needed should be available.
-
Applicable Laws.
BSA safety policies generally parallel or go beyond legal mandates, but
the supervisor should confirm and assure compliance with all applicable
regulations or statutes.
-
CPR Resource.
Any strenuous activity or remote trek could present a cardiac emergency.
Aquatic programs may involve cardiopulmonary emergencies. BSA strongly
recommends that a person (preferably an adult) trained in cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) be part of the leadership for any BSA program. This
person should be available for strenuous outdoor activity.
-
Discipline. No
supervisor is effective if he or she cannot control the activity and individual
participants. Youth must respect their leaders and follow their directions.
Cave
Exploring
These minimum safety
requirements apply:
-
Cave exploring, other
than simple novice activities, should be limited to Scouts and Venturers
14 years of age or older.
-
Group leaders qualify
through training and experience in cave exploring and through knowing established
practices of safety, conservation, and cave courtesy.
-
Leader and group must
understand and agree to follow the basic practices and policies of caving
approved by the National Speleological Society and the Boy Scouts of America.
References: Venture
activity pamphlet, Caving, No. 33446A, and Ranger Guidebook,
No. 3128A
Judo,
Tai Chi, and Aikido
If Scouts and Venturers
practice defensive judo, Tai Chi, or aikido, it should be done with proper
mats and with qualified instructors related to YMCAs, colleges, or athletic
clubs whose objectives and coaching methods are compatible with the principles
of the Boy Scouts of America.
Climbing
and Rappelling
-
1. Qualified Supervision
-
All climbing and rappelling
must be supervised by a mature, conscientious adult at least 21 years of
age who understands the risks inherent to these activities. This person
knowingly accepts responsibility for the well-being and safety of the youth
in his or her care. This adult supervisor is trained in and committed to
compliance with the eight points of the Boy Scouts of America's Climb On
Safely procedure. One additional adult who is at least 18 years of age
must also accompany the unit. Units with more than 10 youths in the same
climbing/rappelling session must have an additional adult leader at least
18 years of age for each 10 additional youth participants. In other words,
a group of 11 to 20 youths requires at least three adult leaders; a group
of 21 to 30 youths would require four adult leaders, and so on.
-
The adult supervisor
is responsible for ensuring that someone in the group is currently certified
in American Red Cross Standard First Aid and CPR (a 6 1/2-hour course).
In addition, the two-hour module "First Aid—When Help Is Delayed" is recommended.
A course of equivalent length and content from another nationally recognized
organization can be substituted. A higher level of certification such as
emergency medical technician (EMT), licensed practical nurse (LPN), registered
nurse (RN), and licensed health-care practitioner is also acceptable. The
ARC's Emergency Response, a 43 1/2-hour course that includes CPR, is highly
recommended.
-
2. Qualified Instructors
-
A qualified rock climbing
instructor who is at least 21 years of age must supervise all BSA climbing/rappelling
activities. The climbing instructor has successfully completed a minimum
of 10 hours of instructor training for climbing/rappelling from a nationally
or regionally recognized organization, a climbing school, a college-level
climbing/rappelling course, or is a qualified BSA climbing instructor.
-
The BSA offers a section
of National Camping School for climbing directors who in turn can train
climbing instructors. (A Project COPE director or instructor fulfills this
requirement until January 1, 2002.) Every instructor must have prior experiences
in teaching climbing/rappelling to youth and must agree to adhere to Climb
On Safely and the guidelines set in Topping Out.
-
NOTE: Any adult
Scouter who successfully completes training in Climb On Safely is entitled
to wear the temporary patch, No. 8631. A Climb On Safely Training Outline,
No. 20-101, is available from your local council service center.
-
3. Physical Fitness
-
Require evidence of
fitness for the climbing/rappelling activity with at least a current BSA
Personal Health and Medical Record—Class 1, No. 34414A. The adult supervisor
should adapt all supervision, discipline, and precautions to anticipate
any potential risks associated with individual health conditions. If a
significant health condition is present, an examination by a licensed health-care
practitioner should be required by the adult supervisor before permitting
participation in climbing or rappelling. The adult supervisor should inform
the climbing instructor about each participant's medical conditions.
-
4. Safe Area
-
All BSA climbing/rappelling
activities must be conducted using an established or developed climbing/rappelling
site or facility. A qualified climbing instructor should survey the site
in advance of the activity to identify and evaluate possible hazards and
to determine whether the site is suitable for the age, maturity, and skill
level of the participants. The instructor should also verify that the site
is sufficient to safely and comfortably accommodate the number of participants
in the activity within the available time. An emergency evacuation route
must be identified in advance.
-
5. Equipment
-
The climbing instructor
should verify that the proper equipment is available for the size and ability
level of participants. Helmets, rope, and climbing hardware must be approved
by the UIAA (Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme), CEN (European
Community Norm), or ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
All equipment must be acquired new or furnished by the instructor.
-
Records must be kept
on the use and stresses (the number of hard falls) on each item of equipment,
which must be specifically designed for climbing and rappelling. Outside
providers should be asked if they are aware of any stresses that have been
put on their equipment. Any rope or webbing that has been subjected to
more than three hard falls or that is four years old (whatever its use)
must not be used. Refer to Topping Out concerning records that must
be kept.
-
6. Planning
-
When planning, remember
the following:
-
Obtain written parental
consent to participate in climbing/rappelling activities for each participant.
-
In case severe weather
or other problems might occur, share the climbing/rappelling plan and an
alternate plan with parents and the unit committee.
-
Secure the necessary
permits or written permission for using private or public lands.
-
Enlist the help of a
qualified climbing instructor.
-
Be sure the instructor
has a topographic map for the area being used and obtains a current weather
report for the area before the group's departure.
-
It is suggested that
at least one of the adult leaders has an electronic means of communication
in case of an emergency.
-
7. Environmental
Conditions
-
The instructor assumes
responsibility for monitoring potentially dangerous environmental conditions
that may include loose, crumbly rock; poisonous plants; wildlife; and inclement
weather. Use the buddy system to monitor concerns such as dehydration,
hypothermia, and an unusually high degree of fear or apprehension. The
adult supervisor is responsible for ensuring that the group leaves no trace
of its presence at the site.
-
8. Discipline
-
Each participant knows,
understands, and respects the rules and procedures for safely climbing
and rappelling and has been oriented in Climb On Safely. All BSA members
should respect and follow all instructions and rules of the climbing instructor.
The applicable rules should be presented and learned prior to the outing
and should be reviewed for all participants before climbing or rappelling
begins. When participants know the reasons for rules and procedures, they
are more likely to follow them. The climbing instructor must be strict
and fair, showing no favoritism.
-
A UIAA- or ASTM-approved
climbing helmet must be worn during all BSA climbing/rappelling activities
when the participant's feet are six feet or more above ground level. When
using a climbing gym, the climbing facility's procedures apply.
Unauthorized
and Restricted Activities
The following activities
have been declared unauthorized and restricted by the Boy Scouts of America:
-
All-terrain vehicles
(ATVs) are banned from program use. ATVs are defined as motorized recreational
cycles with three or four large, soft tires, designed for off-road use
on a variety of terrains.
-
Boxing, karate, and
related martial arts - except judo, aikido, and Tai Chi - are not authorized
activities.
-
Chainsaws and mechanical
log splitters may be authorized for use only by trained individuals over
the age of 18, using proper protective gear in accordance with local laws.
-
Exploration of abandoned
mines is an unauthorized activity.
-
Varsity football
teams and interscholastic or club football competition and activities are
unauthorized activities.
-
Fireworks secured,
used, or displayed in conjunction with program and activities is unauthorized
except where the fireworks display is conducted under the auspices of a
certified or licensed fireworks control expert.
-
The selling of fireworks
as a fund-raising or money-earning activity by any group acting for or
on behalf of members, units, or districts may not be authorized by councils.
-
Flying in hang gliders,
ultralights, experimental class aircraft, or hot-air balloons (whether
or not they are tethered); parachuting; and flying in aircraft as part
of a search and rescue mission are unauthorized activities.
-
Motorized go-carts
and motorbike activities are unauthorized for Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs.
All motorized speed events, including motorcycles, boats, drag racing,
demolition derbies, and related events, are not authorized activities for
any program level.
-
Participation in
amateur or professional rodeo events and council or district sponsorship
of rodeos are not authorized.
-
The activity commonly
referred to as "War Game" - in which individuals shoot paint or dye at
one another - is an unauthorized activity.
-
Hunting is not an
authorized Cub Scout or Boy Scout activity, although hunting safety is
part of the program curriculum.
(The purpose
of this policy is to restrict chartered packs, troops, and teams from conducting
hunting trips. However, this policy does not restrict Venturing crews from
conducting hunting trips or special adult hunting expeditions provided
that adequate safety procedures are followed and that all participants
have obtained necessary permits and/or licenses from either state or federal
agencies. While hunter safety education might not be required prior to
obtaining a hunting license, successful completion of the respective state
voluntary program is required before participating in the activity.)Reference:
Ranger Guidebook, No. 3128
-
Motorized personal
watercraft, such as jet-skis, are not authorized for use in Scouting aquatics,
and their use should not be permitted in or near BSA program areas.
-
Except for (1) law
enforcement officers required to carry firearms within their jurisdiction,
and (2) circumstances within the scope of the BSA hunting policy statement,
firearms should not be in the possession of any person engaged in camping,
hiking, backpacking, or any other Scouting activity other than those specifically
planned for target shooting under the supervision of a certified firearms
instructor. (Among the purposes of this policy is to prohibit adult leaders
from bringing firearms on BSA camping and hiking activities or to unit
meetings.)
-
Parasailing, or any
activity in which a person is carried aloft by a parachute, parasail, kite,
or other device towed by a motorboat or by any other means, is unauthorized.
-
All activities related
to bungee cord jumping (sometimes called shock cord jumping) are unauthorized.
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
must never be used in any way in the Scouting program. Even in small
quantities, this poison has proved to be so deadly that it must be ruled
out as a cleaning fluid, a fire extinguisher, a poison for insect killing,
and a watermark detector for stamp collecting.
Knives
A sharp pocketknife
with a can opener on it is an invaluable backcountry tool. Keep it clean,
sharp, and handy. Avoid large sheath knives. They are heavy and
awkward to carry, and unnecessary for most camp chores except for cleaning
fish. Since its inception, Boy Scouting has relied heavily on an outdoor
program to achieve its objectives. This program meets more of the purposes
of Scouting than any other single feature. We believe we have a duty to
instill in our members, youth and adult, the knowledge of how to use, handle,
and store legally owned knives with the highest concern for safety and
responsibility.
References: Boy
Scout Handbook, Fieldbook, Bear Cub Scout Book, and Wolf Cub Scout
Book
Rope
Monkey Bridges
When constructing
monkey bridges, observe the following safety rules:
-
Always follow the steps
for constructing monkey bridges outlined in the Pioneering merit
badge pamphlet.
-
Before beginning the
project, inspect your rope, looking at both the inside fibers and inner
strands. Know the size and strength of the type of rope you are using,
and its safe working load.
-
Monkey bridges should
not be constructed higher than 5 feet above flat-surfaced ground nor longer
than 40 feet. Initially, beginners should not span more than 25 feet.
-
Know the effect the
knots will have in reducing rope strength and the proper care that rope
requires.
-
Rope, especially rope
carrying a load, should be checked each day before using. Rope carrying
a load and left in place tends to become slack from fatigue and will break
under stress. Tighten rope as necessary to maintain the integrity of the
original construction.
-
Exercise special care
when members of the public are allowed to use these monkey bridges. Establish
controls when monkey bridges are constructed outside the camp environment.
Station Scouts at each end to control access to the bridge. Allow only
one adult at a time on the bridge. Never allow unaccompanied children on
the bridge. Shut down the bridge when any repairs are being made and do
not reopen until the adult leader has approved the repairs.
-
Any activity on rope
swings, monkey bridges, slide-for-life, or similar devices that are located
over water must comply with Safe Swim Defense.
Reference: Pioneering
merit badge pamphlet
Parade
Floats and Hayrides
The BSA rule prohibiting
the transportation of passengers in the backs of trucks or on trailers
may be tempered for parade floats or hayrides, provided that the following
points are strictly followed to prevent injuries:
-
Transportation to and
from the parade or hayride site is not allowed on the truck or trailer.
-
Those persons riding,
whether seated or standing, must be able to hold on to something stationary.
-
Legs should not hang
over the side.
-
Flashing lights must
illuminate a vehicle used for a hayride after dark, or the vehicle must
be followed by a vehicle with flashing lights.
Unit
Fund-raisers
Include these safety
considerations when planning a unit fund-raiser:
-
Money-earning projects
should be suited to the ages and abilities of youth participants.
-
Proper adult supervision
should be provided.
-
Youth should engage
in money-earning projects only in neighborhoods that are safe and familiar
and should use the buddy system.
-
Leaders must train youth
members to never enter the home of a stranger and to know whom to contact
in case of an emergency.
-
Youth participants should
be familiar with safe pedestrian practices and participate during daylight
hours only.
-
Compliance requirements:
-
Check local statutes
regarding solicitation rules and permits.
-
A Unit Fund-raising
Permit must be obtained from the local council service center.
Tractor
Safety
-
All farm-class tractors
used by BSA members or employees in conjunction with any BSA activity or
on BSA property must be equipped with seat belts and rollover protection
(rollbars, reinforced cab, or equivalent protection). If the tractor does
not have this equipment, refer to Occupational Safety and Health Association
(OSHA) regulations for interim compliance requirements. As of January 1,
1993, the use of any farm-class tractor not equipped with seat belts and
rollover protection is unauthorized.
-
No BSA member or
employee may operate a farm-class tractor in conjunction with any BSA activity
or on BSA property unless such member or employee is at least 18 years
of age and has completed BSA National Camping School ranger certification,
or has been specifically trained in operations and safety procedures for
tractors and their attached implements by a currently certified ranger,
and is directly supervised by a currently certified ranger.
Bike
Safety
The following guidelines
and procedures apply to all BSA units, councils, and national program activities
involving bicycling.
-
1. Qualified Supervision
-
All unit, district,
council, and national event activities must be supervised by a mature and
conscientious adult at least age 21 who understands and knowingly accepts
responsibility for the safety of children in his or her care, who is experienced
with the skills and equipment involved in the activity, and who is committed
to compliance with these BSA safety guidelines.
-
2. Physical Fitness
-
Biking is strenuous.
Long treks and hill climbing should not be attempted without training and
preparation. For Scouting activities, all participants must present evidence
of fitness assured by a complete health history from a physician, parent,
or legal guardian. The adult supervisor should adjust all supervision,
discipline, and protection to anticipate any potential risks associated
with individual health conditions. In the event of any significant health
conditions, proof of an examination by a physician should be required by
the adult leader.
-
3. Helmets and Clothing
-
All cyclists must wear
a properly sized and fitted helmet approved by either the Snell Memorial
Foundation or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards.
Layer your clothing for warmth on cool days so you can avoid chilling or
overheating. Cover up for sun protection on clear days.
-
4. Buddy-Up
-
When the program activity
is a bicycle expedition or trek, the buddy system must be used. When there
is program activity emphasizing individual performance skills, one buddy
observes while the other takes his turn. In competitive activity where
the buddy concept cannot be practically applied, all activity must be directly
observed by the adult supervisor. (Youth members should be taught that
biking with a buddy is best. When biking alone, apart from Scouting activities,
youth members should be encouraged to tell someone their route, schedule,
and destination before departing.)
-
5. Keep Right
-
Ride with the traffic
flow, as far to the right as possible. Avoid curbs, storm drains, soft
or loose gravel on shoulders, and other hazards.
-
6. Be Smart
-
Obey all traffic laws,
signs, signals, and street markings. Watch for changes in road conditions.
Ride only one to a bike. Do not ride after dark. No stunts - trick riding
is only for professionals who use special equipment. Yield to motor vehicles
even if you think you have the right-of-way. Never hitch a ride on another
vehicle. Keep your head and ears open and do not wear headphones while
riding.
-
7. Turns and Intersections
-
Look left, right, back,
and ahead before turning. Stop and search all directions when entering
a street from a driveway, parking area, sidewalk, or an alley. Signal all
turns using universal hand signals. Walk your bike through or across busy
intersections.
-
8. Right Bike
-
Ride only a bike that
fits you. Select a bike that permits you to put both feet on the ground
while sitting on the seat. The handgrips should be no higher than your
shoulder or lower than your seat.
-
9. Accessories
-
Every bike needs a horn
or bell and reflectors (front, back, and sides). Items should be carried
only in baskets, saddlebags, or on a rear carrier rack. If you must ride
in traffic, a bike- or helmet-mounted mirror is recommended. For long trips,
a bike-mounted container for drinking water is recommended.
-
10. Maintenance
-
Keep your bike clean
and well-maintained - especially the brakes and drive chain.
-
11. Race Right
-
Open street racing is
dangerous. Race only with supervision on marked courses that have been
set up to exclude other vehicle or pedestrian traffic, to eliminate fall
hazards and minimize collision risks, and to define clearly "start" and
"finish" points.
-
12. Planning
-
Plan both the route
and timing of bike trips to avoid heavy traffic and hazardous conditions.
Biking is unsafe on wet pavement and on windy days. Plan for at least hourly
rest stops and a maximum of approximately six hours on the bike per day.
-
13. Discipline
-
All participants should
know, understand, and follow the rules and procedures for safe biking,
and all participants should conscientiously and carefully follow all directions
from the adult supervisor.
Skating
Guidelines
Skateboarding and roller-skating
(including in-line skating) present safety concerns, primarily risks of
falls and collisions. Recent data show that injuries are largely the results
of collisions - especially with moving vehicles. These guidelines emphasize
prevention, and are meant to cover all BSA skating programs. Cub Scouts,
Boy Scouts, and Venturers should always practice safety and courtesy and
obey all local or rink rules.
-
BSA skating at any level
shall be supervised by an adult at least 21 years of age, experienced in
the use of skates and skateboards, willing to conscientiously accept responsibility
for the safety of all participants, and committed to compliance with BSA
safety guidelines and local laws.
-
In-line skating, hockey,
racing, or similar activities are to be held only in areas free of pedestrian
and vehicular traffic, and hazardous fixed objects. No skating activity
is authorized on streets that have not been blocked off to traffic.
-
Pathways and skating
surfaces must be free of defects or features unsuited to skating. Evaluation
of the area by the supervisor should precede any BSA activities.
-
Before permitting equipment
to be used in a BSA activity, the supervisor should determine that all
skates and skateboards are well maintained and in good repair consistent
with the manufacturer's recommendations. Actual maintenance and repair
are the responsibility of the owner.
-
For all street or pavement
skating activities, participants should wear properly fitted helmets that
meet American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards; padded gloves;
wrist supports; and elbow and knee pads. No street or pavement skating
is authorized without helmets.
-
Skaters must NEVER "hitch
a ride" on any vehicle.
-
Parents or legal guardians
must be informed and must consent to youth participation in a BSA skating
activity.
-
The adult supervisor
must be sure that all participants understand and agree that skating is
allowed only with proper supervision and in compliance with the safety
guidelines. Youth members should respect and follow all directions and
rules of the adult supervisor. When people know the reasons for rules and
procedures, they are more likely to follow them. Supervisors should be
strict and fair, showing no favoritism.
Meeting
Room
Periodically, once
or twice a year, the unit meeting place should be inspected for health
and safety hazards. The Meeting Place Inspection checklist is included
in the appendix.
Motor
Vehicles
Motor vehicles transporting
passengers or carrying equipment should meet state inspection standards,
if applicable, or use the vehicle checklist included in the appendix as
a guide.
Unit
Camping
Essentially, three occasions
in unit camping require inspection: (1) after camp is set up, (2) after
camp is taken down, and (3) periodically between. Your main interest in
these inspections is to ensure a safe, livable camp and an unblemished
site after you leave.
Boats
Upon request, the U.S.
Coast Guard Auxiliary will conduct a Courtesy Marine Examination of any
craft over 16 feet in length. The officer will analyze the vessel and advise
you of any deficiencies within state or federal regulations.
References: Handbook
for Skippers and Safe Boating Instructor's Guide
It is recommended
that all members of the Boy Scouts of America have periodic medical evaluations
by a licensed health-care practitioner.* In recent years, in an effort
to provide better care to those who may become ill or injured and to provide
youth members and adult leaders a better understanding of their physical
capabilities, the Boy Scouts of America established minimum standards
for providing medical information prior to participating in various activities.
They are classified as follows:
-
Class 1:
-
Includes any event
that does not exceed 72 consecutive hours, where the level of activity
is similar to that normally expended at home or at school, and where medical
care is readily available. Examples: day camp, day hike, swimming party,
or an overnight camp. Medical information required is a current health
history signed by parents or guardian. The health history form currently
found on the back of the BSA individual applications or the Class I Personal
Health and Medical History found on form No. 34414A (Personal Health and
Medical Record) meets this requirement. Den leaders, Scoutmasters, team
coaches, and crew Advisors should review these and become knowledgeable
about the medical needs of the youth members in their unit. Forms must
be updated annually. They are filled out by participants and kept on file
for easy reference.
-
Class 2:
-
Includes any event
that exceeds 72 consecutive hours, where the level of activity is
similar to that normally expended at home or at school, and where medical
care is readily available. Examples: resident camping, tour camping, and
hiking in relatively populated areas. Medical data required is an annual
health history signed by parents or guardian supported by a medical evaluation
completed within the past 36 months by a licensed health-care practitioner.
The Personal Health and Medical Record - Class 2, on No. 34414A, is designed
primarily for resident Cub Scout and Boy Scout summer camp but could be
used for any Class 2 activity. Youth members and adult participants under
40 years of age use this form. (See Camp Health and Safety for additional
information on Class 2 application.)
-
Class 3:
-
Includes any event
involving strenuous activity such as backpacking, high altitude, extreme
weather conditions, cold water, exposure, fatigue, athletic competition,
adventure challenge, or remote conditions where readily available medical
care cannot be assured. Examples: high-adventure activities, jamborees,
Wood Badge, and extended backpacking trips in remote areas. Medical information
required includes current health history supported by a medical evaluation
within the past 12 months performed by a licensed health-care practitioner.
Form 34412A is to be used by youth for Class 3 activities. Adults age 40
or older will use this form for Class 2 and Class 3 activities. See form
No. 34414A, Personal Health and Medical Record, for more information.
Philmont Scout Ranch
and Florida Sea Base require the use of their special medical form by all
youth and adults because of the strenuous nature of the activities taking
place there.
It is recommended
that unit leaders have a complete medical history and permission slip for
every participant attending each Scouting activity. The medical history
form and permission slip, in most cases, will allow emergency medical treatment
to a youth member in case of injury or illness when a parent or guardian
cannot be contacted.
* Examinations conducted
by licensed health-care practitioners, other than physicians, will be recognized
for BSA purposes in those states where such practitioners may perform physical
examinations within their legally prescribed scope of practice.
Immunizations
Verification of the
following protections is strongly recommended before participation in activities
conducted by the Boy Scouts of America:
-
Tetanus and diphtheria
toxoid within the past 10 years
-
Measles, mumps, and
rubella (MMR) since first birthday
-
Trivalent oral polio
vaccine (TOPV); four doses since birth
Life-Threatening
Communicable Diseases
Local Scouting units
and their chartered organizations traditionally determine their own membership,
absent any legal constraints. Accordingly, units and sponsoring institutions
should determine the feasibility or desirability of allowing youth or adult
members who have or are suspected of having a life-threatening communicable
disease to participate in Scouting activities. A youth member who is unable
to attend meetings may continue to pursue Scouting through the Lone Scout
program.
Sun
Safety
The American Academy
of Dermatology advises the following protection tips against damaging rays:
-
Limit exposure to sun
between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun's rays are the strongest.
-
Generously apply sunscreen
with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15 and reapply every two
hour when outdoors, even on cloudy days.
-
Wear protective, tightly
woven clothing, such as a long-sleeved shirt and pants.
-
Wear a 4-inch-wide broad-brimmed
hat and sunglasses with UV protective lenses.
-
Stay in the shade whenever
possible.
-
Avoid reflective surfaces,
which can reflect up to 85 percent of the sun's damaging rays.
Religious
Beliefs and Medical Care
The following is the
policy of the Boy Scouts of America regarding medical requirements:
-
Medical examinations
for camp attendance are required of all campers for the protection of the
entire camp group. The immunization requirement is waived for persons with
religious beliefs against immunization.
-
All Scouts and Scout
leaders need to learn first aid, not for their own use, but for service
to others who may require it. A Scout or leader may ask to be excused from
first-aid instruction, but no advancement requirement will be waived except
as indicated.
-
Requirements 1 and
5 for the Personal Fitness merit badge call for examinations by a physician
and a dentist with appropriate follow-up recommendations. This may be set
aside on presentation of a certificate by the Scout's parents and a proper
church official that a definite violation of religious conviction is involved.
Prescriptions
The taking of prescription
medication is the responsibility of the individual taking the medication
and/or that individual's parent or guardian. A Scout leader, after obtaining
all the necessary information, can agree to accept the responsibility of
making sure a Scout takes the necessary medication at the appropriate time,
but BSA policy does not mandate nor necessarily encourage the Scout leader
to do so. Also, if your state laws are more limiting, they must be followed.
Established public
carriers - trains, buses, and commercial airlines - are the safest and
most comfortable way for groups to travel. Chartered buses usually are
the most economical transportation for groups of 20 or more. It may be
necessary for small groups to travel in private automobiles; however, the
use of chartered equipment from established rail, bus, and airline companies
is strongly recommended. The advantages are many. These companies have
excellent safety records because of their periodic inspections and approved
health and safety procedures.
References: Cub
Scout Leader Book, Scoutmaster Handbook, Troop Committee Guidebook, Exploring
Reference Book, and Tours and Expeditions
Automobiles
ATTENTION
BSA DRIVERS:
DON'T ENTER
THE RISK ZONE
BE AWARE
OF KILLER FATIGUE. |
It is essential that
adequate, safe, and responsible transportation be used for all Scouting
activities. Because most accidents occur within a short distance from home,
safety precautions are necessary, even on short trips.
General guidelines
are as follows:
-
Seat belts are required
for all occupants.
-
All drivers must
have a valid driver's license that has not been suspended or revoked for
any reason. If the vehicle to be used is designed to carry more than 15
persons, including the driver (more than 10 persons, including the driver,
in California), the driver must have a commercial driver's license (CDL).
-
An adult leader (at
least 21 years of age) must be in charge and accompany the group.
-
The driver must be
currently licensed and at least 18 years of age. Youth member exception:
When traveling to and from an area, regional, or national Boy Scout activity
or any Venturing event under the leadership of an adult (at least 21 years
of age) tour leader, a youth member at least 16 years of age may be a driver,
subject to the following conditions:
-
Six months' driving
experience as a licensed driver (time on a learner's permit or equivalent
is not to be counted)
-
No record of accidents
or moving violations
-
Parental permission
granted to the leader, driver, and riders
-
Passenger cars or
station wagons may be used for transporting passengers, but passengers
should not ride on the rear deck of station wagons.
-
Trucks may not be
used for transporting passengers except in the cab.
-
All driving, except
short trips, should be done in daylight.
-
All vehicles must
be covered by automobile liability insurance with limits that meet or exceed
requirements of the state in which the vehicle is licensed. It is recommended
that coverage limits are at least $50,000/$100,000/$50,000. Any vehicle
designed to carry 10 or more passengers is required to have limits of $100,000/$500,000/$100,000.
-
Do not exceed the
speed limit.
-
Do not travel in
convoy (see "Leadership Requirements for Trips and Outings," No. 2).
-
Driving time is limited
to a maximum of 10 hours and must be interrupted by frequent rest, food,
and recreation stops. If there is only one driver, the driving time should
be reduced and stops should be made more frequently.
Campers,
Trailers, and Trucks
Trucks are designed
and constructed to transport materials and equipment, not people. The
beds of trucks or trailers must never be used for carrying passengers.
Tour permits will not be issued for any trip that involves carrying passengers
in a truck except in the cab. This includes vehicles converted for that
use unless they are licensed as buses and meet all requirements for buses.
Use caution in towing
trailers or campers, as a vehicle's performance, steering, and braking
abilities will be altered. Consider these safety tips:
-
Get the correct trailer
for the car and the correct hitch for the trailer. Distribute and anchor
the load.
-
Allow extra time to
brake. Changing lanes while braking can jackknife the trailer.
-
Add safety equipment
as dictated by common sense and state laws (mirrors, lights, safety chains,
brakes for heavy trailers, etc.).
-
Park in designated areas.
Buses
A driver of a bus
or any vehicle designed to carry more than 15 persons (including driver)
is required to have a commercial driver's license.
Possession of a license, however, does not mean that a person is capable
of driving a bus safely. It is essential that unit leaders and volunteers
be thoroughly familiar with the bus they will be driving, including knowing
the location of emergency exits and fire extinguishers and how to operate
them. A driver must be prepared to handle and brake a full bus, which weighs
significantly more than an empty bus. Other safety tips are:
-
Regular and thorough
maintenance program
-
No more passengers than
there are seating locations
-
Luggage and equipment
fastened securely to prevent being thrown around in case of sudden stop
-
Emergency exits clear
of people or things
-
Pretrip inspection of
critical systems (signals, fuel, tires, windshield wipers, horn, etc.)
The safety rules for
automobiles apply to bus travel, with the exception of seat belts. In special
cases, chartered buses may travel more than nine hours a day. On certain
occasions, night travel by public carrier bus is appropriate - it should
be considered permissible when conditions are such that rest and sleep
for passengers are possible with a reasonable degree of comfort. However,
night travel on buses should not be planned for two successive nights.
Trains
Observe these safety
guidelines for train travel:
-
Don't lean out of windows
or doors.
-
When changing trains,
don't cross railroad tracks without permission.
-
Stay out of vestibules.
Keep the railroad car door closed.
-
In case of illness or
accident, see a train official who can arrange for medical help.
-
On overnight trips,
one leader should be on watch duty at all times.
Boats
In national parks and
some other areas of the country, special boat and canoe regulations are
in force, and special boat permits are required for cruising or recreation.
Follow these safety precautions:
-
All tour leaders
must have current training in the BSA Safety Afloat program (see Chapter
II, "Aquatics Safety").
-
U.S. Coast Guard
recommends and BSA regulations require that an approved USCG personal flotation
device (PFD) be worn by each participant using watercraft in an aquatics
activity. Types II and III are recommended for Scout activity afloat.
A capsized boat
is never anticipated, so always be prepared. Be sure each individual wears
a PFD.
-
Rowboats or canoes
carrying passengers should not be towed behind motorboats or sailboats.
-
Use of canoes should
be restricted to swimmers who have satisfactorily demonstrated their ability
in launching, landing, and paddling a canoe and in handling a swamped canoe.
Canoeists should be taught the proper procedure for staying afloat if the
canoe capsizes or is swamped.
-
Small boats, whether
under sail or power, used for pleasure or ferry purposes, must have a minimum
capacity of 10 cubic feet per person.
Boats propelled
by hand power - such as rowboats - and used for pleasure purposes only
must provide a minimum of 7 cubic feet per person. (Lifeboats on passenger-carrying
vessels propelled by power must comply with the 10-cubic-foot law.)
-
Provision also should
be made by all boats under sail or power for a sufficient quantity or supply
of oars and rowlocks or paddles to be used in case of emergency. Fire-fighting
equipment and lights must also be carried aboard.
-
Bilges of gasoline-powered
boats should be kept free from gasoline and oil at all times. Thorough
ventilation, either natural or by blower, is necessary to dispel gasoline
vapor.
-
Motorized personal
watercraft, such as jet-skis, are not authorized for use in Scouting activities,
and their use should not be permitted in or near BSA program areas.
-
To prevent ignition
by static electricity during refueling, establish complete metallic contact
between the nozzle of the filling hose and the tank opening or filling
pipe, and maintain contact until gasoline has ceased to flow. If a funnel
is used, establish contact with the funnel and the opening in the tank.
All passengers should be ashore during refueling.
For regulations that
govern cruises by private powerboat or sailboat, refer to Motorboat Regulations,
published by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Aircraft
Air travel is permitted
as follows:
-
On any flight scheduled
by a commercial airline.
-
The BSA Flight Permit,
No. 23-672 (see sample in appendix), is required for all BSA flying activities
except for commercial flights. The local council reviews and approves
the flight permit just as it would a tour permit. The Parent/Guardian
Consent Form, No. 23-673 (see sample in appendix), is also required.
Units should attach the signed consent forms to the BSA Flying Permit Application
and keep a copy of the signed consent forms in their files.
-
Flying in hang gliders,
ultralights, experimental class aircraft, and hot-air balloons (whether
or not they are tethered); parachuting, and flying in aircraft as part
of a search and rescue mission are unauthorized activities.
-
Airplane travelers
are cautioned about what they pack in their luggage. In flight, variations
in temperature and air pressure can cause some hazardous materials to leak
or ignite. Included in the category of hazardous materials that should
not be packed in luggage are matches or lighters; flammable liquids and
gases; signal flares and other explosives; bleaches, aerosols, mercury,
and solvents containing dangerous chemicals that can cause toxic fumes
and corrosion.
Tour
Permits
If a unit plans a
trip within 500 miles of the home base, it is important that the unit obtain
a local tour permit. A national tour permit is required for trips in excess
of 500 miles from home or outside the continental United States. (See samples
of both in the appendix.)
Tour permits have
become recognized by national parks, military institutions, and other organizations
as proof that a unit activity has been well planned and organized and is
under capable and qualified leadership. These organizations may require
the tour permit for entry.
Most short, in-town
den trips of a few hours do not require a tour permit; however, it is recommended
that dens obtain permission slips from parents.
Commercial
Driver's License Compliance
The following questions
and answers may help you understand how Scouting drivers fall into a category
of private motor carriers that are subject to the commercial driver's license
(CDL) rules:
-
What is a "private
motor carrier of passengers"?
A private motor
carrier of passengers does not offer transportation services for hire but
(a) transports passengers in interstate (some state regulations apply to
intrastate) commerce, and (b) uses a vehicle designed to carry more than
15 passengers, which includes the driver, or a vehicle that has a gross
vehicular weight greater than 10,000 pounds.
-
What are some examples
of usage of a private motor carrier of passengers in Scouting?
-
Scouting units that
use vehicles designed to carry more than 15 passengers, such as buses,
is one example. The driver in this case is often a volunteer driver of
a "Scout bus" that is owned or leased. This category is referred to as
nonbusiness private motor carrier of passengers and is probably
the most frequent Scouting usage subject to the rule.
-
Councils that operate
camps and include transportation fees in their program are subject to the
rule when using buses or other vehicles designed to carry more than 15
passengers or that have a gross vehicular weight of more than 10,000 pounds.
Neither of these examples
would be considered a private motor carrier of passengers if the transportation
were extended beyond Scouting participants to the general public, because
in that case it is considered transportation for hire and is subject to
federal motor carrier safety regulations.
-
What about Scouting
use of school buses?
In most states,
Scouting units or councils that contract with schools to use buses fall
into the for-hire category, and the school is subject to the federal safety
regulations. Since public school transportation vehicles are not subject
to CDL rules when transporting students, the school may not realize that
the for-hire regulations apply. The consequence could have a ruinous effect
on a planned Scouting activity.
-
How will the rule
be enforced?
The primary enforcement
activity of both categories, business and nonbusiness, is the driver/vehicle
inspection. Inspections can be performed anywhere on the road or at destination
points such as parks, sporting complexes, etc. Only the business category
is subject to compliance reviews and record keeping, but if serious safety
problems are identified in either category of vehicle usage, the operation
of the vehicle is subject to being discontinued.
-
Are Scouting operations
subject to the drug and alcohol testing portion of the rule?
As of January 1,
1996, all operators of vehicles who are required to have a commercial driver's
license are subject to drug and alcohol testing. There are no exemptions
for the nonbusiness private motor carrier of passengers category, which
includes Scouting volunteer drivers. Local councils should establish guidelines
for volunteer drivers based on the requirements of the state where located.
-
How do Scouting officials
obtain the Department of Transportation identification number required
for all vehicles that are subject to the CDL rule?
Form MCS-150 should
be requested from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of
Motor Carriers, in the council's state. The completed form would be sent
to the FHWA's office in Washington, D.C., where a DOT number will be assigned.
This number, as well as name, city, and state, should be displayed on the
side of the vehicle. An education and technical assistance (ETA) package
can be obtained from the local FHWA office.
Winter
Camping Safety
There is magic to camping
in winter. It is one of the most advanced and challenging of outdoor adventures.
Special considerations for winter camping include the following:
-
Leadership -
In no other camp is the type of leadership as important as in the winter
camp. It is vital that a leader be an experienced camper with a strong
character.
-
Equipment - Do
not attempt to camp unless completely outfitted. Even if equipment for
winter camp is more expensive than for summer camp, Scouts must be adequately
clothed, and leaders should ensure that blankets and other equipment are
of suitable quality and weight.
-
Physical Condition
- A physician's certificate as to physical ability must be obtained by
each Scout before preliminary training begins.
Tips for your next winter
camping trip:
-
Use the buddy system
for winter outings. Buddies can check each other for frostbite, make sure
no one becomes lost, and boost the morale of the entire group.
-
Plan to cover no more
than 5 miles per day on a winter trek on snowshoes. An experienced group
can cover 10 to 12 miles on cross-country skis.
-
Always allow ample time
to make camp in winter, especially if you plan to build snow shelters.
-
Fatigue encourages accidents.
Rest occasionally when building a snow shelter; taking part in cross-country
skiing or snowshoeing; or participating in other active winter sports.
Periodic rests also help avoid overheating.
-
Pulling a load over
the snow on a sled or toboggan is generally easier than carrying it in
a backpack.
-
Snow is a terrific insulator.
Snow shelters are much warmer than tents because they retain heat and keep
out the cold wind. If you have adequate time for building snow shelters,
you will spend a much more comfortable night sleeping in them than in a
tent.
-
Snow is the greatest
thief in winter, swallowing up small dropped items. Tie or tape a piece
of brightly colored cord to small items so they can be seen in snow. Some
items, such as mittens, can be tied to larger items, such as a parka, to
prevent them from being dropped and lost.
-
Melting snow in a pot
to get water may cause the pot to burn through or may scorch the snow,
giving the water a disagreeable taste. Prevent this by adding a cup or
two of water in the bottom of the pot before putting in the snow to melt.
-
Punch a hole in the
top of your ice chisel and string a stout cord through it. Before trying
to chisel a hole in ice, anchor the cord to something large or too heavy
to be pulled through the hole so you will not lose your chisel in freezing
water when the ice is penetrated.
-
Always test the thickness
of ice before venturing any distance from the shore. Ice should be at least
3 inches thick for a small group; 4 inches of ice is safe for a crowd.
Since ice thickness can vary considerably, it is best to stay near the
shoreline of large lakes.
-
Use alkaline batteries
in flashlights. Standard batteries deteriorate quickly in cold weather.
Tape the switch of your flashlight in the "off" position until you are
ready to use it. This will prevent it from being turned on accidentally
while in your pack or on your sled.
-
Encourage everyone in
your group to wear brightly colored outer clothing so that each person
will be more visible, especially during severe weather.
-
Small liquid-fuel stoves
are much better for cooking in winter than fires, which are difficult to
build with wet wood. Gathering wood that is frozen to the ground also can
be difficult, if not impossible. A pressure/pump-type stove is essential
in winter.
-
Always use a funnel
to refuel a stove so you won't frostbite your fingers by accidentally pouring
fuel on them. Fuel evaporates at a high rate of speed and quickly removes
heat from anything it touches.
-
Place a stove or fire
on a platform of logs or rocks so it will not melt through the snow.
-
Never light or use a
stove inside a tent or snow shelter. A tent may catch fire, and a snow
shelter may help lead to carbon monoxide poisoning. Neither of these potential
mishaps is worth the risk.
-
A windscreen is essential
for using a stove in the winter. Even a slight breeze will direct the heat
away from its intended mark.
References: Okpik:
Cold Weather Camping, Boy Scout Handbook, Scoutmaster Handbook, and
Camping Sparklers
Winter
Sports Safety
Beyond camping, a
number of cold-weather activities present challenges to the Scout and leader,
such as cross-country skiing, ice skating, sledding, snowmobiling, ice
fishing, and snowshoeing. Essential ingredients for fun include skill training
and an awareness of the hazards unique to these activities. Snow conditions,
hazardous terrain, special clothing needs, and emergency survival are important
issues for a safe and successful experience.
Be sure your winter
outdoor activity always follows these guidelines:
-
All winter activities
must be supervised by mature and conscientious adults (at least one of
whom must be age 21 or older) who understand and knowingly accept responsibility
for the well-being and safety of the youth in their care, who are experienced
and qualified in the particular skills and equipment involved in the activity,
and who are committed to compliance with the seven points of BSA Winter
Sports Safety. Direct supervision should be maintained at all times by
two or more adults when Scouts are "in the field." The appropriate number
of supervisors will increase depending on the number of participants, the
type of activity, and environmental conditions.
-
Winter sports activities
embody intrinsic hazards that vary from sport to sport. Participants should
be aware of the potential hazards of any winter sport before engaging in
it. Leaders should emphasize preventing accidents through adherence to
safety measures and proper technique.
-
Suitable clothing for
the activity and environment should be worn at all times, and equipment
should include gloves and helmets when appropriate.
-
Winter sports activities
often place greater demands on a participant's cardiopulmonary system,
and people with underlying medical conditions (especially if the heart
or lungs are involved) should not participate without medical consultation
and direction. For participants without underlying medical conditions,
the annual health history and physical examination by a licensed health-care
practitioner every three years are sufficient. The adult leader should
be familiar with the physical circumstances of each youth participant and
make appropriate adjustments in the activity or protection as warranted
by individual health or physical conditions. Adults participating in strenuous
outdoor winter activity should have an annual physical examination. It
is recommended that the medical assessment be performed by a licensed health-care
practitioner knowledgeable of the sport and the particular physical demands
the activity will place on the individual.
-
For winter sports such
as skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, etc. that utilize specialized equipment,
it is essential that all equipment fit and function properly.
-
When youth are engaging
in downhill activities such as sledding, tobogganing, or snow tubing, minimize
the likelihood of collision with immobile obstacles. Use only designated
areas where rocks, tree stumps, and other potential obstacles have been
identified and marked, cleared away, shielded, or buffered in some way.
-
All participants should
know, understand, and respect the rules and procedures for safe winter
activity. The applicable rules should be presented and learned before the
outing, and all participants should review them just before the activity
begins. When Scouts know and understand the reasons for the rules, they
will observe them. When fairly and impartially applied, rules do not interfere
with fun. Rules for safety, plus common sense and good judgment, keep the
fun from being interrupted by tragedy.
The online version
of Guide to Safe Scouting is identical to the printed version of
the publication of the same name (BSA Supply #34416B) except for the updates
noted below. (Page numbers in parentheses refer to the printed publication
and will not correspond with print-outs from the Web site.)
-
Camping
-
Sections "Age Guidelines"
and "Trek Safely" were added to this chapter
-
[25 April 2002]
-
Item numbers and/or
titles were updated throughout the Guide to reflect the most recent
versions of BSA Publications.
-
[25 April 2002]
-
Youth Protection
& Adult Leadership: Leadership Requirements for Trips and Outings
-
An additional item (#4)
was added to the list to address single-room or dormitory-type accommodations
for Scouting units.
-
[25 September 2001]
-
Camping
-
A clarification on Tiger
Cub camping was added.
-
[25 September 2001]
-
Appendix: Forms and
Resources
-
Three new items have
been added:
-
How to Protect Your
Children from Child Abuse: A Parent's Guide
-
Cub Scout Meeting Guide:
It Happened to Me
-
Troop Meeting Guide:
A Time to Tell
-
Youth Protection
& Adult Leadership
-
The section on Youth
Protection (formerly section 14) was merged into this section and significantly
expanded.
-
Registration requirements
for two-deep adult leadership were clarified.
-
[24 April 2001]
-
Aquatics Safety:
BSA Policy on Asthma/Reactive Airway Disease as Related to Scuba Activities
-
This section was set
in boldface to indicate it is BSA policy
-
[24 April 2001]
-
Camping
-
The guidelines for members'
participation in camping activties have been revised.
-
An extended section
on "Cub Scout Overnight Opportunities" was added to the Family Camping
section.
-
[24 April 2001]
-
Transportation: Automobiles
-
In the general guidelines,
it is now specified that the exception for youth members (#4) applies when
traveling to and from an area.
-
[24 April 2001]
-
Aquatics Safety:
Snorkeling, BSA (p. 12)
-
The American Red Cross
was added to the list of organizations whose certified as a snorkeling
instructors qualify as Snorkeling, BSA, counselors.
-
The "BSA Snorkeling
Safety" section was added.
-
[15 July 2000]
-
Adult Leadership:
Leadership Requirements for Trips and Outings (p. 4)
-
In item 7, regarding
shower and latrine facilities, the following text was added: "Adult
leaders need to respect the privacy of youth members in situations where
the youth are changing clothes or taking showers, and intrude only to the
extent that health and safety require. Adults also need to protect their
own privacy in similar situations."
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Aquatics Safety:
Safe Swim Defense (p. 5)
-
In item 4, the thickness
of the lifeline was changed from 3/4 to 3/8 inches.
In item 6, "swum
continuously" was changed to "completed in one swim without stops"
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Aquatics Safety:
Classification of Swimming Ability (p. 7)
-
Under "Swimmer Test,"
"swum continuously" was changed to "completed in one swim without
stops"
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Aquatics Safety:
Diving and Elevated Entry (p. 11)
-
The Reference to BSA
Safety Afloat was changed to BSA Safe Swim Defense
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Fuels and Fire Prevention:
Chemical Fuels (p.23)
-
The sentence "The
use of liquid fuels for starting any type of fire is prohibited" was
placed in boldface, to indicate that it represents BSA rules and policies.
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Sports and Activities:
Climbing and Rappelling (p.28)
-
This entire section
was replaced with updated material.
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Medical Information
(p.36)
-
In the passage describing
Class 3 medical information, "Adults over age 40" was changed to
"Adults age 40 or older"
-
[01 April 2000]
-
Adult Leadership
(p. 4)
-
The phrase "citizen
of the United States" was changed to "leader"
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Aquatics Safety
(p. 5)
-
"Most accidents in
aquatics activities are caused by the lack of adult supervision and discipline.
Almost every accidental drowning can be attributed to the violation of
one or more safe swim defenses." was deleted from the introduction
to this section.
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Fuels and Fire Prevention:
Guidelines for Safely Using Chemical Stoves and Lanterns (p. 23)
-
For item 6, "Charcoal
Grill" was added to the list of items that should not be operated in
an unventilated structure and examples of fuels were added.
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Guns and Firearms:
Rifles (p. 26)
-
"Scouting activities"
was changed to "Boy Scout and Varsity Scout activities"
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Sports and Activities:
The Sweet 16 of BSA Safety (p. 28)
-
The following paragraph
(the last paragraph) was removed: "The general policy of Scouting is
to train youth to do safely the many things they normally do, such as swimming
and boating; handling firearms, knives, and axes; riding bicycles; and
hiking and camping. Scouting's disapproval or restriction of hazardous
sports and activities is a positive policy to keep fun in the program and
to develop sound judgment through experience. It is consistent with our
principle of safety through skill on the part of leaders and youth."
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Youth Protection
and Child Abuse (p. 44)
-
"Youth Protection:
Personal Safety Awareness" and "Youth Protection Guidelines: Training
for Adult Venturing Leaders" were added to the list of resources.
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Youth Protection
and Child Abuse: Hazing and Initiations (p. 44)
-
This section was placed
in boldface, to indicate that it represents BSA rules and policies.
-
[01 January 2000]
-
Aquatics Safety:
Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) (p. 10)
-
"Surfboarding"
was removed from the list of activities for which PFDs are required.
-
[15 June 1999]
The following forms
are available to download:
You will need Acrobat®
Reader to download and print these forms. This free software may be downloaded
from Adobe.